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LI V 
are succeeded by large cones, •which never 
ripen in England. 
LIStANTHUS, a genus of the pentan- 
clria monogynia class and order, d ire cal. 
is keeled ; cor. with ventricose tube and re- 
curved division ; stigma two-plated ; caps, 
two-valved, two-celled. There are 9 species, 
herbs of the West Indies. 
JLITA, a genus of the class and order pen- 
tandria monogynia. The cal. is live-cleft ; 
cor. salver-shaped, long tube, live-cleft ; 
caps, one-celled, two-valved ; seeds numer- 
ous. There are two species, herbs of 
Guiana. 
LITIiOPHILA, a genus of the diandria 
monogynia class and order, dhe cal. is 
three-leaved ; cor. thrye-petalled ; nect. 
two-leaved. There is one species, of no 
note. 
LITHARGE, an oxide of lead. See 
Lead. 
LITHOPHYTA, the name of Linnreus’s 
third order of vermes. 
LITHQSPERMUM, gromwell: age- 
nus of the. monogynia order, in the pentan- 
clria class of plants ; and in the natural me- 
thod ranking under tire 4lst order, asperi- 
foliax 1 he corolla is funnel-shaped, with the 
throat perforated and naked ; the calyx quin- 
quepartite. 'Ihere are 12 species; but the 
only remarkable ones are the officinale or 
common gromwell, and the arvense or bas- 
tard alkanet. Both these are natives of Bri- 
tain ; the former growing in dry' gravelly soil, 
the latter in corn-iields. 
LITHOTOMY. See Surgery. 
LITTORELLA, a genus of the monoecia 
tetrandria class and order. The male cal. is 
four-leaved; cor. four-cleft ; stam. long. No 
female cal.; cor. four-cleft ; seed a nut. There 
is one species. 
LIVER. See Anatomy. 
LIVERY of seisin, in law, signifies deli- 
vering the possession of lands, &c. to him 
who has a right to them. There are two 
kinds of livery and seisin; livery in law, 
where the feoffor being in view of thedand, 
home, or other thing granted, says to the 
feoffee,, on delivery of the deed, “ I give 
to you yonder land, &c. to hold to you and 
to your heirs, so go into the same, and take 
■possession accordingly.” And livery in 
deed, is where the parties, or the attorneys 
by them authorised, coming to the door of 
the house, or upon some part of the land, de- 
clare the occasion of their meeting before 
witnesses, read the deed, or its contents, 
and in case it be made by attorney, the let- 
ter of attorney is also read, alter which, if 
the delivery is of a house, the grantor, or 
his attorney, takes the ring, key, or latch 
belonging to the door, or if it be a land, a 
turf, or clod of earth, and a twig of one of 
the trees, and delivering them with the deed 
to the grantee or his attorney, says, “ I 
A. B. do hereby deliver to you possession 
and seisin of this messuage or "tenement, &c. 
to hold to you, your heirs and assigns, ac- 
cording to the purport, true intent, and 
meaning of this indenture, or deed of feoff- 
ment.” After which the grantee enters first 
alone, and shutting the door, and then open- 
ing it, lets in others. 
Since the making the statute of uses, li- 
very and seisin are not so much used as for- 
merly ; for a lease and release, a bargain 
aud sale by deed inrolled, are sufficient to 
vest the grantee with possession, without the 
formality of liverv. 
EiVERh MEN of London, are a number 
of men selected from among the freemen of 
each company. Out of this body, the com- 
mon council, sheriff, and other superior of- 
ficers for the government of the city are 
elected, and they alone have the privilege 
of giving their votes for members of parlia- 
ment ; from which the rest of the citizens 
are excluded. 
LIVES, or insurance of Lives. See 
Insurance, and Life. 
LIXIVIUM. See Pharmacy. 
LIZARD. See Lacerta. 
LOAD, or I. ode, in mining, a word used 
especially in the tin-mines, for any regular 
vein or course, whether metallic or not ; but 
most commonly load means a metallic vein. 
It is to be observed, that mines in general 
are veins within the earth, whose sides re- 
ceding from or approaching to each other, 
make them of unequal breadths in different 
places, sometimes forming large spaces, 
which are called holes ; these holes are filled 
like the rest with substances, which, whether 
metallic, or of any other nature, are called 
loads. When the substances forming these 
loads are reducible to metal, tiie loads are 
by the English miners said to be alive, other- 
wise they are termed dead loads. 
The load is frequently intercepted by the 
crossing of a vein of earth or stone, or some 
other metalline substance; in which case it 
generally happens, that one part of the load 
is moved to a considerable distance on 
one side. This load is by the miners term- 
ed a Hooking, and the part of the load 
which is moved, is by them said to be heav- 
ed. This fracture or heave of a load, ac- 
cording to Mr. Price, is produced by a sub- 
sidence of the strata from their primary po- 
sitions, • which he supposes to have been ho- 
rizontal or parallel to the surface of the 
earth, and therefore should more properly 
be called a depression than a heave. This 
heaving of the load would be an inexpressi- 
ble loss to the miner, did not experience 
teach him that as the loads always run on 
the sides of the hills, so the part heaved is 
always moved toward the descent of the hill ; 
so that the miner, working toward the as- 
cent of the bill, and meeting a booking, con- 
siders himself as working in the heaved part ; 
wherefore, cutting through the flocking, he 
works upon its back up the ascent of the hill, 
till he recovers the load, and vice versa. 
LOAMS. See Husbandry. 
LOANS, in political economy, sums of 
money, generally of large amount, borrow- 
ed from individuals or public bodies, for the 
service of the state. They are either com- 
pulsory, in which case they may be more 
properly termed requisitions ; or voluntary, 
which is the only mode that can be fre- 
quently resorted to with advantage. Loans 
are sometimes furnished by public compa- 
nies as a consideration for peculiar privi- 
leges secured to them ; but are much more 
commonly advanced by individuals on a cer- 
tain interest being allowed for the use of 
the money, either for a term of years, or un- 
til the principal shall be repaid. 
The practice of borrowing money, for 
defraying part of th e extraordinary expellees 
in time of war, had been adopted in other 
countries long befose it was introduced into 
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Great Britain; but it has been carried to a 
far greater extent here than by any other 
state: and the facility with which the go- 
vernment has been enabled to laise bid 
largest sums, has arisen entirely from the 
strict punctuality with which it has constant- 
ly made good all pecuniary engagements. 
The chancellor of the exchequer is the of- 
ficer who usually conducts negotiations of 
this kind on the part of the government, aud 
the agreement is afterward confirmed by 
parliament ; the governor and company of 
the bank of England, have of late years been 
usually appointed receivers of the contribu- 
tions, "for which they have an allowance, 
at a certain rate per million ; and the sums 
received by them are paid into the exche- 
quer in the name of the chief cashier ot the 
bank. The money appropriated to pay the 
interest or annuities, is issued at the receipt 
of the exchequer to the chief cashier of l he 
bank upon account, and he is enjoined to 
pay the annuities, and render his account in 
due course. The bank detain their allow- 
ance for receiving the contributions out of 
the sum received, and likewise what they 
have allowed as discount to those subscrib- 
ers who advanced their money before the 
times fixed for the several instalments. 
When the parliament has voted the sup- 
plies, and the extent of the loan found ne- 
cessary is determined, a communication is 
usually made to the bank or stock exchange 
stating the particular stock on which the 
loan is to be made, and fixing a day for those 
who intend to bid for it to wait on the mi- 
nister with their proposals ; in the mean time 
each person forms his list of friends who are 
to take different proportions with him in case 
he succeeds. When the day conies, each 
party offers as low as he. thinks he can ven- 
ture with a fair prospect of profit, and the 
lowest offer is generally accepted. The 
only step to be taken by those who are not 
of the number just mentioned, and who may 
wish to take a share in the transaction, is to 
apply to one of the subscribers for a part of 
his subscription, which at first may some- 
times be had without any premium, or for a 
very small one, for it cannot be presumed 
that any small number of men, who have 
subscribed for the whole sum to be rawed, 
intend, or can keep it, but that they pro- 
pose to include in their subscriptions a great 
number of their connections and acquaint- 
ance. Sometimes the subscription lies open 
to the public at the bank, as in the instance 
of the loan of eighteen millions for the ser- 
vice of the year 1797, and then every person 
is at liberty to subscribe what he thinks pro- 
per ; and if upon casting up the whole, 
there is a surplus subscribed, which has ge- 
nerally been the case, the sum each person 
has subscribed, is reduced in an equal pro- 
portion, so as to make in the whole the 
sum fixed by parliament. 
As soon as conveniently may be, after the 
subscription is closed, receipts are made 
out, and delivered to the subscribers, for the 
several sums by them subscribed ; and for 
the conveniency of sale, every subscriber of 
a considerable sum has sundry receipts for 
different proportions of his whole sum, by 
which means he can readily part with what sum 
he thinks proper ; and a form of assignment 
is drawn upon the back of the receipt, which 
being signed and witnessed, transfers the 
