73 
1, O B 
l o e 
LOC 
About 1730 the current rate of interest 
was 3% per cent. ; and in 1736, government 
was enabled to borrow at 3 per cent, per an- 
num. The extraordinary sums necessary 
for defraying the expeuces of the war which 
began m 1739, were at first obtained from the 
sinking fund and the salt duties; a payment 
from the bank, in 1742, rendered only a 
small loan necessary in that year, which was 
obtained at little more than 3 per cent, inte- 
rest. In the succeeding years the following 
su ns were raised by loans: 
1743 
Sum borrowed. Interest. 
<£ 1,800,000 <£ 3 8 4 
1744 
- 
1,800,000 
3 6 
10 
1745 
- 
2,000,000 
4 0 
7 
1746 
- 
2 500,000 
5 5 
1 
1747 
- 
4,000,000 
4 8 
0 
174S 
- 
6,300,000 
4 8 
0 
Loans of the seven years war. 
1756 
- 
2,000,000 
3 12 
0 
1757 
- 
3,000,000 
3 14 
3 
1758 
- 
5,000,000 
3 6 
5 
1759 
- 
6,600,000 
3 10 
9 
1 760 
- 
8,000,000 
3 13 
7 
1761 
-• 
12,000,000 
4 1 
11 
1762 
- 
12,000,000 - 
4 10 
9 
1 763 
- 
3,500,000 
4 4 
2 
1776 
Loans ®f the American 
2,000,000 s - 
war. 
3 9 
8 
1777 
- 
5,000,000 
4 5 
2 
1778 
- 
6,000,000 - 
4 18 
7 
1779 
- 
7,000,000 
5 18 
10 
1780 
- 
12,000,000 - 
5 16 
8 
1781 
- 
12,090,000 - 
5 11 
1 
1782 
- 
13,500,000 - 
5 18 
1 
1783 
- 
12,000,000 - 
4 13 
9 
1784 
- 
6,000,000 - 
5 6 
il 
Loans of the war with the French republic. 
1793 
- 
4,500,000 - 
4 3 
4 
1 794 
- 
11,000,000 
4 10 
7 
1795 
- 
18,000,000 
. 4 15 
8 
1796 
- 
18,000,000 - 
4 14 
9 
1796 
- 
7,500,000 
4 12 
2 
1797 
- 
18,000,000 - 
5 14 
1 
1797 
- 
14,500,000 
6 6 
10 
1798 
- 
17,000,000 
6 4 
9 
1 799 
- 
3,000,000 - 
5 12 
5 
1799 
- 
15,500,000 - 
5 5 
0 
1800 
- 
20,500,000 
4 14 
2 
1801 
- 
28,000,000 - 
5 5 
5 
Loans of the war with the French empire. 
1803 
- 
12,000,000 
5 2 
0 
1804 
- 
14,500,000 - 
5 9 
o 
1805 
- 
22,500,000 - 
5 3 
2 
1806 
* 
20,000,000 - 
4 19 
7 
LOASA, a genus of the polyand; ia mono- 
gynia class and order. The cal. is live- 
leaved ; cor. five-petalled ; nect. live-leaved; 
caps, turbinate, one-celled, three-valved, 
many-seeded. There is one species, an an- 
nual of South America. 
LOBE. See Anatomy. 
LOBELIA, cardinal-flower, a genus 
of the monogamia order, in the syngenesia 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 29th order, campanaceae. 
The calyx is quinquefid; the corolla mono- 
pctalous aud irregular; the capsule inferior, 
bilocular or trilocular. - There are 42 spe- 
cies, but only four of them are cultivated in 
our gardens, two of which are hardy herba- 
ceous plants for the open ground, and two 
shrubby plants for the stove. They are all 
fibrous-rooted perennials, rising with erect 
stalks from two to live or six feet high, orna- 
mented with oblong, oval, spear-shaped, 
simple leaves, and spikes of beautiful mono- 
peialous, somewhat ringent, five-parted dow- 
ers, of scarlet, blue, and violet colours, 'i hey 
are easily propagated by seeds, offsets, and 
cuttings of their stalks. The tender kinds 
require the common treatment of other ex- 
otics. They are natives of America, from 
which their seeds must be procured. 
The root of tl ■ species called t lie syphili- 
tica (see Plate Nat. Hist. fig. 232.) is an ar- 
ticle of the materia medica. This species grows 
in most places in Virginia, and bears our win- 
ters. It is perennial, has an erect stalk three 
or four feet high, blue dowers, a milky juice, 
and a rank smell. The root consists of white 
fibres about two inches long, resembles to- 
bacco in taste, which remains on the tongue, 
and is apt to excite vomiting. It is used by 
the North American Indians as a specilic in 
the venereal disease. The benefit, however, 
to be derived from this article has not, as far 
as we know, been confirmed either ill Britain 
or by the practitioners in Virginia. 
LOCAL, in law, something fixed to the 
freehold, or tied to a certain place : thus, real 
actions are local, since they must be brought 
in the country where they lie, and local cus- 
toms are those peculiar to certain countries 
and places. 
Local problem, among mathematicians, 
such a one as is capable of an infinite num- 
ber of different solutions, by reason that the 
point which is to resolve the problem may 
be indifferently taken within a certain extent, 
as suppose any where within such a line, 
within such a plane figure, &c. which is called 
a geometric locus, and the problem is said to 
be a local or indetermined one. 
A local problem may be either simple, 
when the point sought is in a right light; 
plane, when the point sought is in the circum- 
ference of a circle; solid, when the point re- 
quired is in the circumference of a conic sec- 
tion; or lastly, sarsolid, when the point is in 
the perimeter of a line of the second gender, 
or of a higher kind, as geometers call it. 
LOCHIA. See Midwifery. 
LOCK, a well-known instrument, and 
reckoned the masterpiece in smithery ; a 
great deal of art and delicacy being required 
in contriving and varying the wards, springs, 
bolts, &c. and adjusting them to the places 
where they are to be used, and to the various 
occasions of using them. From the various 
structure of lo ks, accommodated to their 
different intentions, they acquire various 
names. Those placed on outer doors are 
called stock-locks ; those on chamber-doors, 
spring-locks; those on trunks, trunk-locks, 
padlocks, & c. Of these the spring-lock is 
the most considerable, both for its frequency 
and the curiosity of its structure. 
A treatise upon this subject has been pub- 
lished by Mr. Jo eph Bramah, who begins 
with observing, that the principle on which 
all locks depend, is the application of a lever 
to an interior bolt, bv means of a communi- 
cation from without ; so that, by means of 
the latter, the lever acts upon the bolt, and 
moves it in such a manner as to secure the 
lid or door from being opened by any pull or 
push from without. The security of locks in 
general, therefore, depends on the number 
of impediments we can interpose betwixt the 
lever (the key) and the bolt which secures 
the door; and these impediments are well 
known by the name of wards, the number 
and intricacy of which alone are supposed to 
distinguish a good lock from a bad one. if 
these wards, however, do not in an effectual 
manner preclude the access ot all other in- 
struments be-ides the proper key, it is still 
possible for a mechanic of equal skill with the 
lock -maker to open it without the key, and 
thus to elude the labour of the other. “ As 
nothing (savs Mr. Bramah) can be more op- 
posite in principle to fixed wards than a lock 
which derives its properties from the motion 
of ail its parts, I determined that the con- 
struction of such a lock should be the subject 
of my experiment.” In the prosecution of 
this experiment, he had the satisfaction to 
find that the least perfect of all his models 
fully ascertained the truth and certainty of 
his principle. The exclusion of wards made 
it necessary to cut off all communication be- 
tween the key and the bolt; as the same 
passage which (in a lock simply constructed) 
would admit the key, might give admission 
likewise to other instruments. The office, 
therefore, which in other locks is performed 
by the extreme point of the key, is here as- 
signed to a lever, which cannot approach the 
bolt till every part of the lock has undergone 
a change of position. The necessity of this 
change to the purposes of the lock, and the 
absolute impossibility of effecting it other- 
wise than with the proper key, are the points 
to be ascertained. 
Piate Lock and Loom, fig. 4, represents a 
mortice lock, made under the patent which 
Mr. Stansbury took out in 1 805, for various im- 
provements in locks, in which A is the spring- 
latch, as in common; the end B of this is 
bent, and has a frame D screwed to it, carry- 
ing a roller E; against this roller a wedge F 
called a pusher, shewn separately in tig. 5, 
acts; the spindle G on which this pusher is 
fixed, slides through holes in the side-plate of 
the lock, so as to have no shake, and on each 
end is fastened a handle ; by this arrange- 
ment it is plain that when the handle of the 
wedge is pushed from without the door, its 
wedge E will act against the roller E, fig. 4, 
draw back the bolt A, and release the door ; 
a continuation of the same motion opens it. 
The operations from within the room are the 
same, except that the handle of the pusher 
must be pulled instead of pushed ; but as it 
is on the other end of the spindle, the opera- 
tion on the wedge and bolt is the same. For 
the convenience of persons not acquainted 
with the new method, the bolt may be drawn 
back by turning the handle, as in the com- 
mon lock. H is a piece of metal, figs. 4 and 
5, which has a round collar a above, and 
another h beneath, which work in holes in 
the two side-plates of the lock, so as to turn 
easily round; this piece has a hole through 
it, large enough to admit the pusher to move 
up and down; and an opening in one side 
thereof admits the wedge F ; so that when the 
spindle is turned round, one o! the tv o arms 
a e of this piece, acts against the arm. B of 
the bolt A, fig. 4, and draws back the bolt 
when the handle is turned, as in the common 
way. In order to reduce the friction against 
the bolt, in shutting the door, a small roller 
a, fig. 1, is applied to it. In lieu of the fiip- 
