L O P 
LOT 
L O X 
shuttle-race, which is fastened into the front 
of the pieces LL ; each end of this piece has 
boards nailed to the sides, so as to form 
troughs NO ; at a small distance above these 
are fixed two very smooth wires no; their 
use is to guide the two pieces pq, ca’.i- 
peckers or drivers ; to each of these pieces 
a string is fastened, and these strings are 
tied to a piece of wood P, which the 
weaver holds in his hand, and by snatching* 
the stick to either side, draws the pecker, for- 
wards very quick, and gives the shuttle, tig. 
7. (which is to be laid in the trough before 
the pecker) a smart blow, and drives it along 
across the race m into the other trough, 
where it pushes the pecker along to the end 
of the wire, ready for the next stroke which 
throws it back again, and so on. Fig. 7. r epre- 
sents the under side of the shuttle on a larger 
scale; its ends are pointed with iron; it has 
a large mortise through the middle of it, in 
which is placed a quill a containing the yarn ; 
b is a piece of glass, called trie eye of the 
shuttle, with a hole in it, through which 
comes the end of the thread; dd are two 
small wheels to make it run easily on the 
race. The operations are as follow : the 
workman sitting upon the seat K, holds the 
stick P in his right hand, and takes hold of 
one of the bars of the frame LL with his left ; 
presses his foot on one of the treadles G1I, 
which by means of the lambs EF; as before 
described, divides the warp; he then snatches 
the stick P, and by that means throws the 
shuttle, tig. 7, which unwinds the thread in it, 
and leaves it lying in between the threads 
of the warp; he then relieves the treadle he 
before kept down, and presses down the 
other; while he is doing this, he with his left 
hand draws the frame LL towards him, and 
then returns it. The use of this is to beat 
the last thread thrown by the shuttle close 
up to the one that was thrown before it by 
the split reeds M, fig. 8. As soon as lie has 
brought the frame LL hack to its original 
position, and again divided tire warp by the 
treadle, he throws the shuttle again : when 
he has in this manner finished about 12 or 14 
inches of cloth, he winds it up by" turning 
the roll A with the stick, as before described. 
Some very expert weavers will throw the 
shuttle and perform the other operations at 
the rate of 120 times per minute. 
Loom, in the sea language. When a ship 
appears big when seen at a distance, they say 
she looms. 
Loom-gale, a gentle easy gale of wind, 
in which a ship can carry her topsails atrip. 
LOOP, in the iron works, denotes a part 
of a sow or block of cast iron, broken or melt- 
ed off from the rest. ' 
LOPI1IUS, fishing-frog, toad-fish, or sea- 
devil, a genus of the branchiostegious order 
of fishes, whose head is in size equal to all 
the rest of the body. There are three spe- 
cies, the most remarkable of which is the pis- 
eatorius, or common fishing-frog, an inhabi- 
tant of the British seas. This singular fish 
grows to a large size, some being between 
four and five feet in length; and Mr. Pen- 
nant mentions one taken near Scarborough, 
whose mouth was a yard wide. The fisher- 
men on that coast have a great regard for 
this fish, from a supposition that it is a great 
enemy to the dog-lish ; and whenever they 
take it with their lines, set it at liberty. The 
head of this fish is much larger than the whole 
body, is round at the circumference, and fiat 
above; the mouth of a prodigious wideness. 
The under jaw is much longer than the up- 
per; thejaws are full ofislender sharp teeth ; 
in the roof of the mouth are two or three rows 
ot the same. On each side the upper jaw 
are two slurp spines, and others are scattered 
about the upper part of the head. The body 
grows slender near the tail, the end of which 
is quite even. The colour of the upper part 
of tins fish is dusky ; the lower part white ; 
the skin smooth. 
LORANTHUS, a genus of the monogy- 
nia order, in the hexandria class of plants, 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
48th order, aggregate. I lie germen is infe- 
rior ; there is no calyx', the corolla is sexlid 
and revoluted; the stamina are at the tops of 
the petals; the berry is monospermous. 
There are 18 species, natives of America. 
LORD. See Peer. 
LORD’S DAY. All persons not having 
a reasonable excuse, shall resort to their pa- 
rish church or chapel (or some congregation 
of religious worship allowed by the toleration 
act) on every Sunday, on paitvof punishment 
by the censures of the church, ami of forfeit- 
ing Is. to the poor for every offence ; to be 
levied by the churchwardens by distress, by 
warrant of one justice. 
The hundred shall not be answerable for 
any robbery committed on the Lord’s day. 
No carrier shall travel, or drover drive 
cattle, on the Lord’s day, under the penalty 
of 20/. 
No person upon the Lord’s day shall serve 
or execute any writ, process, warrant, order, 
judgment, or decree (except in cases of trea- 
son, felony, or breach of the peace), but the 
service thereof shall be void. 
LOTTERIES are declared to be public 
nuisances, 5 Geo. I. c. 9. ; but for the public 
service of the government, lotteries are fre- 
quently established by particular statutes, 
and managed by special officers and persons 
appointed. 
By stat. 42 Geo. III. c. 54, lottery-office 
keepers are to pay 50/. for every licence in 
London, Edinburgh-, and Dublin, or within 
20 miles of either, and 10/. for every licence 
for every other olfice; and licensed persons 
shall deposit 30 tickets with the receiver- 
general of the stamp-duties, or licence to be 
void. 
By stat. 22 Geo. III. c. 47, lottery-office 
keepers must take out a licence ; and offices 
are to be open only from eight in the morn- 
ing to eight in the evening, except the Sa- 
turday evening preceding the drawing. The 
sale of chances and shares of tickets, by per- 
sons not being proprietors thereof, is pro- 
hibited under penalty of 50/. ; and by '42 Geo. 
111. c. 119, all games or lotteries called little 
goes, are declared public nuisances, and all 
persons keeping any office or place for any 
game or lottery, not authorized by law, shall 
forfeit 500/. and be deemed rogues and va- 
gabonds. The proprietor of a whole ticket 
may nevertheless insure it for its value only, 
with any licensed office for the whole time of 
drawing from the time of insurance, under a 
bona fide agreement without a stamp,.. 
LOTUS, or bird’s foot trefoil, a genus of 
the decandria order, m the diadelphia class 
of plants, and in the natural method ranking 
87 
under the 32d order, papilionaceze. The le- 
gumen is cylindrical, ; nd very erect, the 
alas closing upwards longitudinally ; the calvx 
is tubulated. There are 23 species, hut only 
five or six are usually cultivated in our gar- 
dens. 
1. 1 lie siliquosus, or winged pea, has trail- 
ing, slender, branchy stalks, about a foot 
long, with trifoliate oval leaves, and from tile 
axi I las of the branches, large, papilionaceous, 
red (lowers, one on each footstalk, succeed- 
ed by tetragonous solitary pods, having a 
membranous wing or lobe, running longitu- 
dinally at each corner. It flowers in June 
and July, and the seeds ripen in autumn. 2. 
The creticus, or Cretan silvery lotos. 3. The 
Jacebxus, or black lotus of St! James’s island. 
4. r I he hirsutus, or hairy Italian lotus. 5. 
The dorcynium, white Austrian lotus, or 
shrub trefoil of Montpelier. 6. The edulis, 
with yellow dowers. 
The first species is a hardy annual. The 
other species may he propagated either by 
seeds or cu tings, but require to be kept in. 
pots in the greenhouse during the winter 
season. 
iLOUIS, or Knights of St. Louis, the 
name of a military order in France, instituted 
by Louis XLY. in 1693. 
LOUSE. See Pediculus. 
LOXIA, a genus of birds of the order of 
passeres, the distinguishing characters- of 
which are: the bill is strong, convex above 
and below, and very thick at the base ; the 
nostrils are small and round; the tongue is as 
it cut off at the end ; the toes are four, placed 
three-before and one behind, excepting one 
species, which has only two toes before and 
one behind. The most remarkable are: 
1. The cur -ostra, or common cross-bill, 
is about the size of a lark, is known by the 
singularity of its bill, both mandibles of. which 
curve opposite ways and cross each other:- 
the general colour of the plumage in the male- 
is of a red-lead, inclining to rose-colour, and 
more or less mixed with brown; the wings, 
and tail are brown ; the legs black. The fe- 
male’is of a green colour, more or less mixed 
with brown in those parts where the male is 
red. This species is a constant inhabitant of 
Sweden, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Rus- 
sia, and Siberia, where it breeds; but mi- 
grates sometimes in vast flocks into other coun- 
tries, as is now and then the case in respect to 
England ; for though in some years a few are - 
met with, yet in others it has been known to 
visit us by thousands, fixing on such spots as 
are planted with pines, for the sake of the 
seeds, which are its natural food : it is observ- 
ed to hold the cone in one claw like the par- 
rot, and to have all the actions of that bird 
when kept in a cage.- It is also found in 
North America and Greenland ; and is said 
to make its nest in the highest -parts, of the 
fir-trees, fastening it to the branch with the 
resinous matter which exsudesfrom the trees*. 
2, The coccothraustes, or, hawfinch, is in 
length seven inches. This species is ranked 
among the British birds ; but only visits these 
kingdoms occasionally, and for the most part 
in winter, and is never known to breed here. 
It is more plenty in France. It feeds on> 
berries, kernels, , &c. and . from the great 
strength of the bill, it cracks the stones of the;.: 
fruit of the haws, diaries, &c. with the great- 
est ease. . 
