M A N 
M A N 
M A N 
the wood is brittle ; the bark rough when 
old; the leaves are seven or eight inches 
long, and more than two inches broad. The 
flowers are produced in loose panicles at the 
ends of the branches, and are succeeded by 
large oblong kidney-shaped plums. This 
fruit, when fully ripe, is greatly esteemed in 
the countries where it grows ; hut in Europe 
we have only the unripe fruit brought over in 
pickle. All attempts to propagate the plant 
have hitherto proved ineffectual; and Mr. 
Millar is of opinion that the stones w ill not 
vegetate unless they are planted soon after 
they are ripe. 
MANICI1EES, in church history, a sect 
of Christian heretics in the third century, the 
•followers of Manes, who made his appearance 
ill tire reign of the emperor Probus ; pre- 
tending to be the Comforter, whom our Sa- 
viour promised to send into- the world. He 
taught that there are two principles, or gods, 
coeternal and independent on each other ; the 
one the author of all evil, and the other of all 
good : a doctrine which he borrowed from 
the Persian magi. lie held that our souls 
were made by the good principle, and our 
bodies by the evil one ; and that the souls of 
his followers passed through the elements to 
the moon, and from thence to the sun, where 
being purified, they then went to God, and 
became united with his essence; but as for 
the souls of other men, they either went to 
hell, or were united to other bodies. 
MAN! LEE, in commerce, a large brass 
ring, in the form of a bracelet, either plain 
or engraven, flat or round. Manilles are the 
principal commodities which the Europeans 
carry to the coast of Africa, and exchange 
with the natives for slaves. These people 
wear them as ornaments on the small of the 
leg, anil on the thick part of the arm above 
the elbow. The great men wear manilles of 
gold and silver, but these are made in the 
country by the natives themselves. 
MAN1PULUS, in Roman antiquity, a 
body of infantry, consisting of 200 men, and 
constituting the third part, of a cohort. See 
Cohort. 
MANIS, a genus of quadrupeds of the or- 
der of bruta. The generic character is, teeth 
none ; tongue cylindric and extensile ; mouth 
narrowed into a snout; body covered with 
scales. The genus manis presents an ap- 
pearance not less extraordinary than that of 
d-asypus or armadillo ; being covered on 
every part, except on the belly, with ex- 
tremely strong, ancldarge horny scales, con- 
stituting a suit of armour still more powerful 
than in the following genus, and capable of 
defending the animals, when rolled up, from 
the assaults of the most ferocious enemies.. 
This external covering, together with the un- 
common length of the body and tail, gives an 
aspect so much resembling that of a lizard, 
that these creatures are commonly known by 
the title of scaly lizards : they may be allow- 
ed, however, in a general view of the animal 
kingdom, to form a kind of shade or link of 
approximation between the proper viviparous 
quadrupeds and the lizards. 
They are animals of a harmless nature, 
and feed in the same manner as the ant-eat- 
ers, by thrusting out their very long tongue 
into the nests of ants and other insects, and 
swallowing their prey by suddenly retracting 
it, having: no teeth, and diliering from the 
| ant-eaters fn scarcely any other circumstance 
than that of their scaiy integument. They are 
found in India and the Indian islands. 
1. Manis tetradactyla, long-tailed manis. 
This animal, known in India by the name of 
the phalagen, is of a very long and slender 
form : the head is small ; the snout narrow ; 
the whole body, except beneath, covered 
with broad, but sharp-pointed, scales, which 
are striated throughout their whole length : 
the tail is more than twice the length ot the 
body, and tapers gradually to the tip. 1 he 
legs are verv short, scaled like the body, and 
on each of the feet are four claws, of which 
those on the fore feet are stronger than those 
of the hind. The colour of the whole animal 
is an uniform deep-brown, with a cast of yel- 
lowish, and with a glossy or polished surface. 
The manis tetradactyla grows to the length 
of live feet, measuring from the tip of the 
nose to the extremity of the tail. 
2. Manis pentadactyla, short-tailed manis, 
differs from the former, in being of a much 
thicker and shorter form; the tail, in particu- 
lar, differs greatly in proportion from that of 
the preceding, being not so long as the body, 
very thick at the base, and thence gradually 
tapering, but terminating very obtusely. 
The head is small as in the former ; the ears 
small and rounded ; the feet furnished with 
live toes each, of which those on the fore feet 
are extremely strong, except the exterior 
one, which is much smaller than the rest. 
The whole animal is covered with most ex- 
tremely thick, strong, and large scales, which 
in the full-grown specimens are perfectly 
smooth, but in those which are smaller are 
slightly striated about half way from the base. 
Sometimes a few* bristles appear between the 
scales, but in others this is not observable. 
The scales differ in shape from those of the 
preceding, being much wider and larger in 
proportion to the body and tail. The colour 
of tiie whole animal is a very pale yellow- 
brown, and the surface is glossy, as in the 
former species. In India it is called the pan- 
goelling. In the neighbourhood of Bengal it 
is named vajraeite, or the thunderbolt rep- 
tile, from the excessive hardness of the scales, 
which are said to be capable even of striking 
lire like a Hint. It is said to walk slowly ; 
but, when pursued, rolls itself up, and is 
then so securely armed, that even a leopard 
attacks it in vain. It is also said sometimes 
to destroy the elephant, by twisting itself 
round the trunk, and thus compressing that 
tender and sensible organ with its hard scales. 
We are told in the Asiatic Researches that 
the Malabar name of this animal is alungu ; 
and that the- natives of Bahar call it bajar-cit, 
or the stone vermin; and in the stomach of 
the one examined and described in the above 
work was found about a teacupful of small 
stones, which it is supposed to have swallow- 
ed for the purpose of facilitating digestion. 
It was only 34 inches long from the nose to 
the end of the tail ; apd a young one was 
found in it. 
Specimens of the manis pentadactyla have 
sometimes been seen of the length of six feet 
from the nose to the tip of the tail. See PI. 
Nat. Hist. lig. 258. 
MANNA, in natural history. This sub- 
stance exudes from the fraxinus ornus, in the 
months of June and July, from the stem and 
branches. It is at first liquid, but gradually 
becomes solid. It is collected in Sicily and 
ic-r 
,the southern parts of Italy, It is in form of 
oblong globules ol a whitish-yellow colour, 
and somewhat transparent. It is very light. 
Its taste is sweet, and it leaves a nauseous- 
bitter impression in the mouth. Its proper- 
ties have "not been examined by chemists. It 
acts- as a mild cathartic, bee Materia. 
Medica. 
MANOMETER, or Manoscope, an in- 
strument to shew or measure the alterations 
in the rarity or density of the air. 'I he ma- 
nometer differs from ’the barometer in this, 
that the latter only serves to measure the 
weight of the atmosphere, or of the column 
of air over it,. but the- former the density of 
air in which it is found; which density de- 
pends not only on the weight of the atmo- 
sphere, but also on the action of heat and; 
cold, &c. Authors, however, generally con- 
found the two together ; and Mr. Boyle him- 
self gives us a very good manometer of his 
contrivance, under the name of a statical ba- 
rometer, consisting of a bubble of thin glass,, 
about the size ot an orange, which, being 
counterpoised when the air was in a mean 
state of density, by means of a nice pair of 
scales, sunk when the atmosphere became 
lighter, and rose as it grew heavier. See ME- 
TEOROLOGY. 
MANOR, was a district of ground held by 
lords or great personages, who kept in their 
own hands so much land as was necessary tor 
the use of their families, which were called' 
terns dominicales, or demesne lands, being, 
occupied by the lord, or dominus manerii, 
and his servants. The other lands they dis- 
tributed among their tenants, which the ten- 
ants held under divers services. 1 he residue 
of the manor being uncultivated was termed 
the lord’s waste, and served for common of 
pasture to the lord and his tenants. All 
manors existing at this day must have existed 
as early as king Edward the First. 2 Black. 
90. bee Court Baron.. 
MANSLAUGHTER, is unlawfully kill- 
ing a man without any malice prepense, or 
forethought. The English- law very humanely 
makes a distinction between a .hasty and de- 
liberate act : as when two persons on a sud- 
den quarrel, fight, and one is killed ; yet as -it 
is done in- a- sudden heat of passion, and not 
with any premeditated malice, it- is- man- 
slaughter, and not murder. See Murd&r. 
I bis crime may be either voluntary, as oiv 
a sudden loss of temper; as if a man is- 
greatly provoked, and kills the aggressor, it 
is manslaughter ; but it it appears that- there 
was a sufficient cooling time for the heat of 
anger to subside, this shews deliberate re- 
venge, and amounts to murder. Or it- may 
be involuntary, but in the commission of 
some unlawful act ; in which latter respect it 
differs from homicide per infortunium : as it 
one shoots off a gun in a highway, and where 
people often meet, and kills a man ; or it he 
is shooting at game, and is not qualified or 
licensed, and kills another, it is manslaughter. 
And, in general, when an involuntary killing 
happens, in consequence of an unlawful act, 
it will be murder or manslaughter, accord- 
ing to the act which occasioned it. 
It is evident from the nature of this. crime 
that there can he no accessaries, because, it 
must be done without premeditation;, but 
when two men once fell out, and immediately- 
fought, and the sword of one was broken, and: 
his friend lent him another, with which die- 
