1 03 
M AN 
M A P 
MAP 
killed his antagonist, it was made manslaughter 
in both. Again : there were two men in a 
room quarreling; a brother of one of them 
standing at the door, who could not get in, 
cried out to his brother to make him sure, 
and the brother killed his antagonist : it was 
likewise manslaughter in both. 
Put if any person shall stab another, not 
having his weapon drawn, or not shrunken 
first, so that he dies within six months, al- 
though it be not of malice aforethought, it is 
felony without benetit of clergy. 
1 his crime, though felony, is within benefit 
of clergy ; and the offender shall be burnt in 
the hand, and forfeit all his goods and chat- 
tels; but by slat. 19 Geo. ill. c. 74, it is 
made lawful for the court to commute this 
punishment fora moderate line and impri- 
sonment. 
MAN ! ELETS, in the art of war, a kind 
of moveable parapets, made of planks about 
three indies thick, nailed one over another, 
to the height of almost six feet, generally 
cased with tin, and set upon little wheels, so 
that in a siege they may be driven before the 
pioneers, aud serve as blinds to shelter them 
from tire enemy’s small shot. 
M AN! IS, a genus of insects of the order 
hemiptera. J he generic character is, head 
unsteady, armed with jaws, and furnished 
with palpi or feelers; antenna: setaceous; 
thorax linear ; wings four, membranaceous, 
convoluted, the lower pair pleated ; fore 
legs, in most species, compressed, serrated 
beneath, and armed with a single claw and a 
setaceous, lateral, jointed foot ; hind legs 
smooth, formed for walking. 'Phis is one of 
the most singular genera in the whole class of 
insects ; and imagination itself can hardly 
conceive shapes more strange than those ex- 
hibited by some particular species. See PI. 
Nat. Hist. fig. 239. 
1 he chief European kind is the mantis ora- 
toria ol Lmnams, or camel cricket, as it is 
Hottentots, which those superstitious people 
are reported to hold in the highest venera- 
tion, tiie person on whom the adored insect 
happens to light being considered as favoured 
by the distinction of a celestial visitant, and 
regarded ever after in the light of a saint. 
This species is of the same general size and 
shape with the M. oratoria, and is of a beau- 
tiful green colour, with the thorax ciliated 
or spined on each side, and the upper wings 
each marked in the middle by a semitrans- 
parent spot. 
Of all the mantes perhaps the most singular 
in its appearance is the mantis goiigylodes of 
Linnxus, which, from its thin limbs, and the 
grotesque form of its body, especially in its 
dried state, seems to resemble the conjunc- 
tion of several fragments of withered stalks. 
There are 14 species of this genus. 
MANTLE, or Mantling, in heraldrv, 
that appearance of folding of doth, nourish- 
ing, or drapery, that is in any achievement 
drawn about the coat of arms/ 
MANURE, any thing used for fattening 
and improving land. See Husbandry. 
MAP, a plane figure, representing the sur- 
face of the earth, or a part thereof. 
in maps these three things are essentially 
requisite. 1. 1 hat all places have the same 
situation and distance from the great circles 
therein, as on the globe, to shew their paral- 
lels, longitudes, zones, climates, and other 
celestial appearances. 2. That their magni- 
tudes be proportionable to their real magni- 
tudes on tiie globe. 3. That all places have 
the same situation, bearing, and distance, as 
on the earth itself. 
The true chart performs the first and last 
of these very exactly, but fails extravagantly 
in the second ; and indeed no kind of pro- 
jection yet found can exhibit more than two 
ot them at once, by reason of the great 
difference between a plane and convex super- 
ficies. 
often called. 1-liis insect, which is a stranger 
to the British isles, is found in most of the 
warmer parts of Europe, and is entirely of a 
beautiful green colour. It is nearly three 
indies in length, of a slender shape, and in its 
general. sitting posture is observed to hold up 
the two tore legs, slightly bent, as if in an at- 
titude of prayer : for this reason the super- 
stition of the vulgar has conferred upon it the 
reputation of a sacred annual ; and a popular 
notion has often prevailed, that a child or 
traveller having lost his way would be safely 
directed by observing the quarter to which 
the animal pointed when taken into the hand. 
In its real disposition it is very far from sanc- 
tity, preying with great rapacity on any of the 
smaller insects which fall in its* way, and for 
which it lies in wait with anxious assiduity in 
the posture at first mentioned, seizing tiiem 
with a sudden spring when within its reach, 
and devouring them. It is also of a very 
pugnacious nature; and when -kept with 
others or its own species in a state of capti- 
vity, will attack its neighbour w ith the utmost 
violence, till one or the other is destroyed in 
the contest. 
Among the Chinese this quarrelsome pro- 
perly in the genus mantis is turned into a si- 
milar entertainment with that afforded by 
fighting cocks and quails. 
'Ihe mantis precan a is a native of many 
parts ot Africa, and is the supposed idol of the 
Maps are not always to be used as they lie 
before us, for sometimes any part is upper- 
most; but, generally, the top is the north 
part, the bottom the south, the. right hand 
the east, and the left hand the west, and mark- 
ed with these words, or Latin ones of the 
same import. There is also inscribed a com- 
pa s, pointing to all the quarters of the world, 
the north one being marked with a flower-de- 
I luce. 
The degrees of longitude are always num- 
bered at top and bottom, and the degrees of 
latitude on the east and west sides. In all 
right-lined and general circular maps, except 
those of Wright’s projection, the degrees of 
latitude on the sides are of an equal breadth ; 
and in all circular and right-lined maps, ex- 
cept tiie said Y\ right’s, and the plane charts, 
the degrees of longitude are unequal. 
In general maps t lie circles corresponding 
to those in the heavens are inscribed, viz. the 
equator is expressed by' a straight east and 
! west line ; and the first meridian, the polar 
; circles, the tropics, and the other meridians 
; and parallels, which are drawn at every five 
or ten degrees, intersect each other at * right 
angles. 
'1 lie most natural method of representing 
a sphere upon a plane seems to be, to divide 
it into two equal parts, and inscribe each of 
them in a circle : but as the equator, and the 
polar axis, which intersects that circle at right 
angles, and makes one of the meridians, 
must be supposed equal in length to the half 
of the periphery (which is not quite two- 
thirds), it follows, of course, that the countries 
delineated upon, or near, these lines, must be 
reduced to somewhat less than two-thirds of 
the size of the countries of equal extent, 
which lie at the extremity of the circle; and 
that the lines drawn to measure the latitude, 
which are parallel to each othe , or nearly so, 
must, in order to preserve as nearly as possi- 
ble their proportional angles at the points of 
intersection with the meridians, form seg- 
ments of circles, of which no two are parallel 
or concentric. 
There may be as many different projec- 
tions as there are points of view in which a 
globe can be seen, but geographers have ge- 
nerally chosen those which represent the 
poles at the top and bottom of the' map ; 
these, from the delineation of the lines of lati- 
tude and longitude, are called the stereogra- 
phic, orthographic, and globular projections. 
We do not propose to detain the reader 
with a description of all the projections, some 
of which are so erroneous (ior the purpose of 
constructing of maps) as to deserve being 
consigned entirely to oblivion. But as the 
projection of maps is a pleasing and instruc- 
tive exercise, and indeed indispensably ne- 
cessary to the right understanding of geo- 
graphy to students, we shall describe the 
manner of constructing the map of the world. 
W ith regard to the stereographic projection 
it may be observed, that among the various 
positions assignable to the eye there are 
chiefly two that have been adopted, wherein 
the eye is placed either in the points D, fig. 
1, or removed to an infinite distance; and 
hence this projection is liable to the great er- 
ror of distorting the form of the countries re- 
presented upon it much more than is neces- 
sary. r i he only advantage is, that the lines of 
latitude and longitude intersect each other at 
right angles. 
This being observed by that excellent as- 
tronomer, M. de ia Hire, he invented a re- 
medy for the inconvenience, by assigning to 
the ey e a position at the point O, fig. 1, the 
distance of which from the globe at D is equal 
to the right sine of 45 degrees ; and hence 
the right line GO, which bisects the qua- 
drant JiC, also bisects the radius EC, and 
produces the similar triangles OFG, and 
OE1 ; and thus the other parts of the qua- 
drant DC, and in like manner of the whole 
semicircle ABC, are represented in the pro- 
jection nearly proportionable to each other, 
and to sense perfectly so. The delineation 
of the earth and sea upon this projection 
(which, as coming the nearest to a true repre- 
sentation of the globe, is called the globular 
projection), is equal to the stereographic in 
point of facility, and vastly superior’ to it in 
point of truth. 
Geometrical construction of the globular 
projection . — From the centre C, fig. 2, with 
any radius, as CB, describe a circle; draw 
the diameters AB, and 90, 90, at perfect 
right angles to one another, and divide them 
into nine equal parts; likewise divide each 
quadrant into nine equal parts, each ot which 
contains ten degrees; if the scale admits of 
it, every one of these divisions may be sub- 
divided into degrees : next, to draw the me- 
ridians, suppose .the meridian 80° W. of 
Greenwich, we have given the two poles 90, 
