pneumonia, catarrh, hooping cough, and 
asthma, in the dose of one eighth of a grain. 
Ipecacuanha. It is given with the same 
intention in a dose of two or three grains. 
Digitalis, in the dose of half a grain, has 
been used as an expectorant, as likewise 
Nicotiana, In the dose of one, two, or 
three grains. 
Scilla. This is one of the most effectual 
of the expectorantia. Dose one grain of the 
dried root. 
Allium sativum, garlic, radix, south of 
? Europe. Garlic is given in humoral asth- 
ma, dropsy, &c. in the dose of half a drachm 
or two scruples. 
Poli/gala senega, seneka, radix, North 
j America. Dose from ten grains to a scruple. 
| It is chiefly employed in the secondary stage 
| of pneumonia. 
Ammoniacum, ammoniac. East Indies, 
gummi-resina. Dose from ten to thirty- 
grains. This is frequently used as an ex- 
pectorant. 
Assafcetida. Dose from ten to twenty 
j grains. 
Myrrlia, myrrh, gummi-resina, Abyssinia 
and Arabia. Duse from ten to twenty 
grains. 
N. B. The plants producing the above two 
gum-resins are unknown. 
Styrax benzoin, benzoin or Benjamin, bal- 
samum, East Indies. Dose ten or fifteen 
grains. It is perhaps possessed ot little 
power. 
Styrax officinale, storax, bals. south of 
Europe, Asia. Storax is like benzoin in its 
virtues. 
Toluifera balsamum, balsam of tolu, South 
America. The powers of this balsam are 
very inconsiderable. 
Myroxolon peruiferum, Peruvian balsam, 
South America. Dose in asthma, leucorrhcea, 
&c, from five to fifteen grains.- 
A my r is gileadensis, balm of Gilead, 
Arabia. The qualities of this nearly resemble 
the balsam of tolu. 
OF SIALAGOGUES. 
These are substances which increase the 
secretion of saliva. This is in general effect- 
ed by mastication of acrid substances, but in 
some few instances is occasioned by medi- 
cines taken into the stomach. Mercury, 
perhaps, is the only medicine which uniform- 
I ' ly displays a sialagogue power. 
Hydrargyrus. All the preparations of 
mercury have more or less influence over 
the salivary glands. 
Anthemis pyretrum, pellitory of Spain, ra- 
dix, south of Europe. This is sometimes 
chewed in order to relieve the tooth-ache. 
Arum maculatum, wake-Robin, radix, 
indigenous. T his resembles pellitory, and 
may be employed with the- same intention. 
Ginger, mezereum, amL tobacco especially, 
I are sometimes used as sialagogues. 
ERRH1NES 
Are medicines which occasion a more 
than ordinary secretion from the mucous 
membrane of the nostrils. They all operate 
by direct application. 
Iris flonntina, Florentine orris, radix, 
south of Europe. This is a mild sternutatory 
and forms one of the ingredients of some ce- 
phalic snuffs. 
JEsculus hippocastinurn, horse chesnut. 
MATERIA MEDICA. 
semen. This acts as a moderate sternuta- 
tory. 
Origanum rnajoruna, sweet marjorum, 
herba, south of Europe. This has a slight 
errhine power. 
Lavandula, spica, lavender, spies floren- 
tes, south of Europe. The dried leaves in 
powder. 
Nicotiana, tobacco. The powder of the 
dried leaves is the basis of snuffs. 
Asarum Europceum, asarabaca, folia, in- 
digenous. The leaves of this plant in pow- 
der form the basis of officinal sternutatory 
powders. 
Feratrum album, white hellebore, radix, 
south of Europe. This is a very violent 
errhine. 
Euphorbia officinalis, gummi-resina, Afri- 
ca. This is the most powerful of all the 
errhines. It is seldom or never employed. 
Subsulphas hydrargyri. This prepara- 
tion of mercury has been recommended to 
be snuffed up the nostrils in some kinds of 
chronic ophthalmia. 
EPISPASTICS AMD RUBE FAC IANTS. 
Epispastics are those substances which ap- 
plied to the skin produce either serous or 
purulent discharge through the medium of 
inflammation. Rubefaciants occasion in- 
flammation, but not so violent as to be fol- 
lowed by such discharges. 
Meloe vesicatorius, cantharis, Spanish fly. 
This is the principal substance employed for 
blistering. After a blister has been raised 
the discharge is often converted from serum 
into pus by the continued application of any 
stimulating acrid ointment. This practice 
is often pursued in asthma, paralysis, &c. 
Cantharides in the form of tincture may 
be employed simply as a rubefaciant. 
Ammonia with oil, forms a liniment for 
this purpose. 
Finns a/bus, Burgundy pitch, resina. This 
is used in the form of plaster, in chronic af- 
fections of the lungs and chest. 
Sinapis, mustard. The flour of mustard- 
seed mixed with crumbs of bread, and made 
into a paste with vinegar, forms a sinapism, a 
powerful rubefaciant. It is applied to the 
soles of the feet in cases of pressing debility, 
as in the last stages of typhoid fever, and in 
comatose affections. 
Allium, garlick. The bruised root of this 
plant is used for similar purposes with the 
mustard sinapism. 
OF REFRIGERANTS. 
Mr. Murray considers those medicines 
which directly lower the temperature of the 
body, to be principally chemical in their 
operation. They are acids, or substances 
containing a superabundant proportion of 
oxygen, which being received into the sto- 
mach, occasions a less demand for this prin- 
ciple (oxygen) by the lungs, and conse- 
quently a less generation or evolution of 
heat. This doctrine, however, does not ap- 
pear satisfactory. Hee Physiology, Sec- 
tions Digestion and Respiration ; and Me- 
dicine, Section Fever, &c. 
Of refrigerants, the vegetable acids are the 
most efficacious. 
Citrus aurantium, orange, succus fruc- 
tus. The acidity of China orange is con- 
nected with sweetness, of the orange from 
Seville with bitterness. The former is used as 
a refrigerant in fever. 
Citrus malica, lemon, succus fructus. 
P 2 
115 
The juice. of thelemon is composed of citric 
acid, and saccharine and mucilaginous mat- 
ter. It is the most powerful and agreeable 
of the refrigerants. With carbonate of pot- 
ass, (kali prep.) it forms the saline draught, 
the virtues of which are perhaps owing to 
the carbonic acid that k evolved by the mix- 
ture of the acid and alkali. 
Tamarindus indica. Tamarind is a very 
pleasant refrigerant : a solution of it in wa- 
ter constitutes a pleasant beverage in fever. 
Acidum acetosum, vinegar. The use of 
this in medicine is principally as a substitute 
for the lemon-juice. 
Supertartris potasses, cream of tartar, 
N it r as potass ce. This is given as a refrige- 
rant, in a dose of from five grains to a scruple. 
ANTACIDS. 
These perhaps are more strictly chemical 
in their primary operation than the last class 
of medicines. They immediately neutralise 
the prevailing morbid acidity of the sto- 
mach. 
Alkalies. Pure potass in solution is em- 
ployed to correct acidity, in doses of fifteen 
drops in water. The carbonates of potass 
and soda are, however, in more general use 
for this purpose. 
Aqua ammonia; is given likewise with this 
intent. Dose from twenty to forty drops. 
Aqua calcis. Lime-water is also used to 
correct acidity ; six or eight ounces being 
taken occasionally. 
Carbonas calcis. Of this there are two 
varieties, creta alba, (prepared chalk) and 
cliche cancrorum (crab’s claws). These, es- 
pecially the former, are principally used ia 
the diarrhoea of infants. 
Magnesia (carbonas magnesia;). Ths 
in some cases preferable to chalk as an auf 
acid, as the neutral compound formed by 
its union with the acid of the stomach proves 
slightly purgative. 
OF LITH ON TRIP TICS, 
Medicines supposed to have a power of dis- 
solving stone in the bladder. Calculus is 
principally formed by a peculiar acid, called 
the lithic, or uric, with which alkalies unite 
out of the body, and thus become solvents of 
the stone. These medicines, however, can- 
not in any way be conveyed to the urinary 
organs in sufficient quantity to effect this 
purpose, without material injury to the parts 
and the general system. It has indeed been 
ascertained, from experiment, that by the 
exhibition of alkaline substances, for a length 
of time, the constitutional disposition to se- 
crete fresh calculus is in a great measure ob- 
viated. These substances then are rather 
preventives than curatives of calculary 
disorders. That they do not, when taken 
into the stomach, operate as solvents, is suf- 
ficiently evident, from the circumstance of 
their being more useful when administered 
saturated with carbonic acid; for these alka- 
line carbonates do not exert any action on 
the urinary calculi out of the body, as the 
lithic acid of the concretion is not of sufficient 
attractive power to disengage the carbonic 
acid from its union with the salt. The only 
power then that is possessed by the medicines 
termed lithontriptics, is that of neutralizing 
acidity in the first passages, and (bus prevent- 
ing the deposition of lithic acid in the urinary 
organs. 
Potassa, potass. The dose of the solution 
