144 
MEDICINE. 
nitre, hlffters. Sec the section on Fever in 
tliis article. 
G 'tins \ ill. f riicario, nettle-rash. After 
pyrexia tor. a day, small red spots, hke the 
stinging oi nettles, appear on tire skin, which 
almost vanish during the dav, but return in 
tne evening. It scarcely requires anv medi- 
tai treatment. 1 he disease does not last more 
than two or three days. 
Genus IX. Aphtha, thrush. Spots on the 
■fau Cel and tongue, by which this disorder is 
constituted, are almost always symptomatic 
ot other diseased states. 
Genus X. Pemphigus, (< a fever attended 
by successive eruptions of vesicles about the 
sizs of almonds, which are tilled with a Yel- 
lowish serum, and in three or four days sub- 
side. I he treatment is to be regulated bv 
in;- nature of the attendant fever. 
cf some other discharge, such discharge to 
be restored. 
Genus 11. ffemopt’/sis. Spitting of 
blood. Symptoms. Redness of t lie ch.-eks, 
a sensation ot weight in the breast, difficult 
respiration. Saltish taste in the mouth, irri- 
tation in the trachsca, couching up of iloricl 
blood. 
Hemoptysis more usually appears in in- 
dividuals with a slender make and contract- 
ed chest, who are of an irritable habit, and 
who have been subjected in their earlier 
years to epistaxis. It generally comes on at 
the age of ouber.lv. 
Order IV . — Ilemorrhagiee Discharges 
of blood. 
I he definition of this order is, pyrexia, with 
prolusion of blood, without any external 
violence; blood when drawn from a vein 
shewing the buffy coat. Discharges of 
blood, however, are often unattended with 
pyrexical irritation, and indeed for the most 
part are evidences, not merely of local, but 
also of general weakness. Augmented ener- 
gy in tiie larger propelling vessels may in- 
deed overcome the resisting power of the 
smaller branches, and produce vvhat is called 
active hemorrhage; in this case we have 
only local debility to contend with in the 
cure. Dr. Darwin divides hemorrhage into 
t:ie arterial and venous, the latter of wh'ch 
he attributes to defect of venous absorption ; 
it does not appear, however, that the veins 
act in the manner of absorbents, according 
to the opinion of >our author. Venous he- 
morrhage depends upon general weakness, 
•accidentally d rected to the vessels from 
w hich the blood is poured out by rupture of 
their coats. It is always a highly asthenic 
disease. 
Rupture of blood-vessels, and consequent 
hemorrhage, has been ascribed to an im- 
mediate and primary change effected in the 
constituent particles of the Vital fluid. This 
supposition, however, seems to be totally 
unfounded; even in the most active hemor- 
rhage the blood does not undergo “ orgasm, 
ebullition, turgescence, or expansion,” accord- 
ing to the theory of Hoffmann. 
Genus I. Epistaxis, bleeding from the 
nose. 
Symptoms. Pain or fulness of the head, 
giddiness, dimness of Vision, drowsiness, irri- 
tation of the nostrils. It is the disorder princi- 
pally of young persons, who have a lax and 
weak fibre ; in some few instances it occurs 
as vicarious of obstructed menses, and some- 
times appears in men when the hemor- 
rhoidal discharge has been suddenly arrest- 
ed. 
M. M. Cold applied to the neck and 
head. Mechanical pressure, or absorbing 
substances, to the nostrils. Acids and as- 
tringents internally. Avoiding irritation of 
the body or mind. The bowels to be kept 
gently open. Nourishing but not stimulating 
aliment. In the epistaxis of old people, and 
in cases of much weakness, bark, vitriolic 
acid, opium. If the disorder is violent, 
and have depended upon the suppression 
Causes. Violent irritation of mind or 
body, sudden vicissitudes of heat and cold, 
too powerful exertion of the lungs, as in sing- 
ing, coughing, playing upon wind instru- 
ments. Like epistaxis, and indeed more 
frequently’, it immediately originates from 
obstructed menses. Sometimes it appears 
vicarious ol a gouty paroxysm. 
M.M. All irritation and irregularities 
to be carefully guarded against. Bowels to 
j be kept evacuated by mild purgatives. Man- 
j na. Tamarinds. Peruvian or oak-bark, 
combined with mineral acids, especially the 
I sulphuric. Opium. Digitalis in large doses, 
! so as to occasion nausea. “ A tabie-spoon- 
i fill of common salt.” (Dr. Rush.) “ One im- 
| mersion in cold water, or a sudden sprinkling 
all over with cold water, would probably 
stop a pulmonary bamorrhage.” (Darwin.) 
Procure a. return of the obstructed discharge. 
Phthisis pulmonalis, consumption of the 
lungs. 
Symptoms. Emaciation, weakness, cough, 
hectic fever, and for the most part an ex- 
pectoration of pus. 
Dr. Cullen has introduced pulmonary con- 
sumption into his nosology, as a sequel of 
hemoptysis. 'This common and fatal ma- 
lady, however, olten, and indeed for the most 
part, originates independantly of hemor- 
rhage from the lungs. Its origin and progress 
are most usually exceedingly insidious. The 
persons chiefly obnoxious to phthisis, are 
those of a serophulous habit, who have been 
disposed previously to suffer by lymphatic 
tumours, who are of a slender make, have 
long necks and narrow chests, who have been 
liable in their earlier years to bleeding at the 
nose, who have had frequent catarrhal affec- 
tions while children, and in whom cough has ; 
remained or been ill- treated after the eruptive 
diseases ot infancy, more especially the ! 
measles. These predispositions ordinarily ! 
break out into actual disease, at or shortly I 
after the period of puberty. It is at this time 
that the pulmonary circulation becomes al- 
tered; and the seeds of the disease, hitherto , 
latent, are expanded and developed. 
In any constitution then at this period, and 
more especially in those that are characte- ! 
rised by a serophulous tendency, a short and j 
generally dry cough, succeeding perhaps to 
a trivial cold, attended with emaciation in 
the smallest degree, and more especially if' 
the pulse be rapid, and the cheek he marked 
by hectic redness, alternating with more 
than usual paleness of countenance, the pa- 
tient is to be assiduously watched, and the 
disorder earnestly combated. 
Causes. Phthisical ulceration of the lungs, 
or confirmed consumption, is ordinarily pro- 
small bodies, in the cellular texture of flies* 
organs, which by repeated and gradual irri- 
tation, at length come to ulcerate and de- 
stroy the fabric of the lungs, and produce 
the symptoms of fully-formed ph 'i i TrSiS. The 
origin and actual nature of these bodies are 
not perhaps very evident; tnov were for- 
mally erroneously imagined to be indurated 
lymphatic glands. 
i he more immediately exciting cause of 
pulmonary consumption is generally an ex- 
posure to cold, which operates in the manner 
described under the section Catarrh. Con- 
sumption, however, may be brought on by 
ainenorriioca, lues venerea, unseasonably re-‘ 
polled eruptive action on the surface, mental 
affections, &c. 
SI. M. “ The facility,” says a modern 
author, “ of repressing the primary symp- 
toms of phthisis pulmonalis, is proportioned 
to its difficulty of cure when the characters 
of the disorder are fully confirmed, and the 
texture of the lungs ahno.ff wholly destroy- 
ed.” (Reid on Consumption.) In no case, 
perhaps, is neglect or early mismanagement 
ot disease more pregnant with irremediable 
evil;, than in the instance of consumptive 
affections. Digitalis properly and timely 
had recourse to is “ the anchor of hope.” 
“ iq familifis where this fatal disease (phthi- 
sis) is hereditary, the use of this remedy as 
a prophylactic, will, 1 have no doubt, save 
many lives that would otherwise have beta 
cut short.” (Dr. Currie.) “ Digitalis is a re- 
medy in pulmonary consumption in its earlier 
periods, which under due regulations, and 
| with sufficient attention to other circum- 
stances of regimen and diet, may be employ- 
ed with a prospect of almost invariable re- 
lief.” (Dr. Reid.) Other testimonies, equally 
j decided, might be adduced in favour of this 
valuable remedy. Warm bathing. A regular 
temperature in the air that the person 
breathes. Warm clothing. Avoiding cur- j 
rents of air. Assiduously guarding against 
damp, and especially cold application to the? 
feet, as by sitting with the feet on a stone ■ 
floor, or an oil-cloth. Milk diet, of which 
Hoffman elegantly says, “ Qua perplures 
phthisicos, incymba Ckarontis quasi haefentes, 
sanatos,pristinaique redditos valbtudini, novi.” 
Avoiding all spirituous liquors, and spiced or 
high-seasoned meats. Keeping the bowels 
gently open by manna, castor-oil, senna, Sec. 
Uv a ursi has recently been recommended 
by Dr. Bourne. 
1 hese are the remedies of the first stage, 
or, more properly speaking, the menacing 
duced through the medium of tubercles, or 
symptoms of consumption. When the lungs 
have actually become ulcerated after gradual 
and protracted irritation, very little expec- 
tation of recovery can remain. Griffith’s 
mixture, composed of steel, myrrh, and alkali. 
Digitalis in larger doses, and combined with 
the above tonic. Uva ursi? opium and vitri- 
olic acid. Digitalis combined with calomel. 
Change of climate. If a tendency to ab- 
sorption from the surface of pulmonary ulcer 
could be induced great* than the deposition 
of it, we might have some prospect ot curing 
the disease in its advanced stages. In order 
to produce this absorption, sailing so as to 
occasion sea-sickness has been had recourse 
to. Swinging, riding in a carriage, and other 
modes of occasioning a degree of vertiginous 
affection, and consequent nausea, have like- 
wise Leeu recommended and practised. In- 
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