M I D 
M i G 
187 
M I D 
ilium. CC, the acetabula. DD, the ossa 
ischium. F, the coccyx. F, the lower part 
of the rectum. GG, the vagina. PI, the os 
internum stretched open about a linger 
breadth, with the membranes and waters in 
time of labour-pains. II, the inferior part of 
the uterus, stretched with the waters which 
are below the head of the child that presents. 
KK, the two placentas adhering to the poste- 
rior part of the uterus, the two foetuses lying 
before them, one with its he'ad in a proper 
position at the inferior part of the uterus, and 
the other situated preternatu rally with the 
head to the fundus ; the bodies of both are 
here entangled in their proper funis, which 
frequently happens in the natural as well as 
preternatural positions. LLL, the membranes 
belonging to each placenta. 
Fig. 6. exhibits, in a lateral view and lon- 
gitudinal division of the parts, the gravid ute- 
rus when labour is somewhat advanced. A, 
the lowest vertebra of the back; the distance 
from which to the last-mentioned vertebra 
is here shewn by dotted lines. CC, the usual 
thickness and figure of the uterus when ex- 
tended by the waters at the latter part of 
pregnancy. D, the same contracted and 
f rown thicker after the waters are evacuated. 
IF, the figure of the uterus when pendulous. 
FF, the figure of the uterus when stretched 
higher than usual, which generally occasions 
vomitings and difficulty of breathing. G, the 
os pubis of the left side. IIH, the os inter- 
num. I, the vagina. K, the left nympha. 
L, the labium pudendi of the same side. M, 
the remaining portion of the bladder, N, 
the anus. OP, the left hip and thigh. 
Fig. 7. exhibits the forehead of the feetus 
turned backwards to the os sacrum, and the 
occiput below the pubes ; by which means the 
narrow part of the head is to the narrow part 
of the pelvis, that is, between the inferior 
parts of the ossa ischium. A, the uterus con- 
tracted closely to the foetus after the waters 
are evacuated. BCD, the vertebral of the 
loins, os sacrum, and coccyx. F, the anus. I 1 ', 
the left hip. G, the perinaeum. FI, the os ex- 
ternum beginning to dilate. I, the os pubis 
of the left side. K, the remaining portion of 
the bladder. L, the posterior part of the os 
uteri. 
Fig. 8. presents a lateral internal view of a 
distorted pelvis, divided longitudinally, with 
the head of a foetus of the seventh month 
passing the same. ABC, the os sacrum and 
coccyx. D, the os pubis of the leftside. E, 
the tuberosity of the os ischium of the same 
side. 
Fig. 9- presents a side view of a distorted 
pelvis, divided longitudinally, with the head 
of a full-grown foetus squeezed into the brim, 
the parietal bones decussating each other, and 
compressed into a conical form. ABC, the 
os sacrum and coccyx. D, the os pubis of 
the left side. E, the tuberosity of tiie os 
ischium. F, the processus acutus. G, the 
foramen magnum. 
Fig. 10. shews in what manner the head 
of the foetus is helped along with the for- 
ceps, when it is necessary for the safety of 
either mother or child. A,A,B,C, the ver- 
tebra of the loins, the os sacrum, and coccyx. 
D, the os pubis of the left side. E, part of 
the bladder. FF, the intestinum rectum. 
GGG, the uterus. H, the mons Veneris. 1, 
the clitoris with the left nympha. if, the 
corpus cavernosum clitoridis. V, the meatus i 
urinarius. K, the left labium pudendi. L, the 
anus. N, the periimun. QP, the left hip and 
thigh. R, the skin and muscular part of the 
loins. 
Fig. 1 1 , shews in a lateral view the face of 
the child, forced down into the lower part of 
the pelvis, the chin below the pubes, and the 
vertex in the cavity of the os sacrum ; the 
waters being all discharged, the uterus ap- 
pears closely attached to the body of the 
child. 
Fig. 12. shews the head of the child in the 
same position as the eleventh figure. AB, the 
vertebrae of the loins, os sacrum, and coccyx. 
C, the os pubis of the left side. D, the lower 
part of the rectum. E, the periimun. F, the 
left labium pudendi. GGG, the uterus. 
Fig. 13. shews the head of the foetus, by 
strong labour-pains, squeezed into a longish 
form, with a tumour on the vertex, from long 
compression of the head in the pelvis. K, the 
tumour on the vertex, L, the forceps. M, 
the urinary bladder much distended with a 
large quantity of urine, from the long pres- 
sure of the head against the urethra. N, the 
under part of the uterus. 00, the os uteri. 
Fig. 14. exhibits a front view of the pelvis, 
the breech of the foetus presenting, and dilat- 
ing the os internum, the membranes having 
been prematurely ruptured. 
Fig. 15. represents in a front view of the 
pelvis, the foetus compressed by the contrac- 
tion oi the uterus into a round form, the fore 
parts of the former being towards the inferior 
part of the latter, and one foot and hand 
fallen down into the vagina. In this figure, 
the anterior part of the pelvis is removed by 
a longitudinal section, through the middle of 
the foramen magnum. AA, the superior por- 
tion of the ossa ilium. BB, the uterus. C, the 
mouth of the uterus shooting and appearing 
in OOOO the vagina. D, the inferior and 
posterior part of the os externum. EEFE, 
the remaining parts of the ossa pubis and 
ischium. FFF, the adipose membrane. 
F ig. 16. represents the forceps and blunt 
hook, a, the straight forceps, b, the posterior 
part of a single blade, c, the blunt hook; 
which is employed to assist the extraction 
of tiie head after the cranium is opened, by 
introducing the small end along the ear on 
the outside of the head, to above the under 
jaw, where the point is to be fixed ; the 
other extremity of the hook being held with 
one hand, while two fingers of the other are 
to be introduced into the opening. The 
small end is useful in abortions, to draw down 
the secundines when they are not expelled 
by labour-pains, or cannot be extracted by 
the lingers. The large hook at the opposite 
end is useful to assist the extraction of the 
body when the breech presents, but should 
be used with much caution. 
Fig. 1 7. A represents tiie whole bone fil- 
let, which, when the operator is not provided 
with forceps, may sometimes be useful in 
laborious cases. BB, two views of a pessary 
for the prolapsus meri. C, a round pessary 
which is in more general use than the former. 
DD, two views of a female catheter. 
Fig. 18. a, represents a pair of curved 
crotchets, locked in the same manner as the 
forceps: the dotted lines indicate a sheath, 
contrived to defend the point till it is intro- 
duced sufficiently high, b, gives a view of the 
A a 2- 
bark part of one of the crotchets, c, a front 
view of the point, d, the scissars for perforat- 
ing the cranium, in very narrow and distoited 
pelvises. 
MIGRATION, of birds. It has been 
generally believed, that lhanv different kinds 
of birds annually pass from one country to 
another, and spend the summer or the winter 
where it is most agreeable to them ; and that 
even the birds of our own island will seek 
the most distant southern regions of Africa, 
when directed by a peculiar instinct to leave 
their own country. It has long been an 
opinion pretty generally received, that swal- 
lows reside during the winter season in the 
warm southern regions ; and Mr. Adanson 
particularly relates his having seen them at 
Senegal, when they were obliged to leave 
this country. But besides the swallow, Mr. 
Pennant enumerates many other birds which- 
migrate from Britain at different times of the 
year, and are then to be found in other coun- 
tries ; after which they again leave these 
countries, and return to Britain. 
1. Crows. Of this genus, the hooded 
crow migrates regularly with the woodcock. 
It inhabits North Britain the whole year; a 
few are said annually to breed on Dartmoor, 
in Devonshire. It breeds also in Sweden 
and Austria ; in some of the Swedish pro- 
vinces it only shifts its quarters, in others it 
resides throughout the year. Our author is 
at a loss for the summer retreat of those birds 
which visit us in such numbers in winter, and 
quit our country in the spring ; and for the 
reason why a bird whose food is such that it 
may be found at all seasons in this country,, 
should leave us. 
2. Cuckoo, disappears early in autumn ; 
the retreat of this and the following bird is 
quite unknown to us. * 
3. Wryneck, is a bird that leaves us in the- 
winter. If its diet is ants alone, as several 
assert, the cause of its migration is very evi- 
dent. This bird disappears before winter, 
and revisits us in the spring, a little earlier 
than tire cuckoo. 
4. Hoopoe. Gomes to England but by 
accident. Mr. Pennant once indeed heard 
of a pair that attempted to make their nest 
in a meadow at Seiborne, Hampshire, but 
were frightened away by the curiosity of 
people. It breeds in Germany. 
5. Grouse. The whole tribe, except the 
quail, live here all the year round ; that bird 
cither leaves us, or else retires towards the 
sea-coasts. 
6. Pigeons. Some few of tiie ring-doves 
breed here ; but the multitude that appear 
ia winter are so disproportioned to what con- 
tinue here the whole year, as to make it 
certain that the greatest part quit the coun- 
try m the spring. It is most probable they 
go to Sweden to breed, and return thence in 
autumn : as Mr. Ekmark informs us, they 
entirely quit that country before winter. 
Multitudes of the common wild pigeons also 
make the northern retreat, and visit us in 
winter; though numbers breed in the high 
cliffs in all parts of this island. The turtle 
also probably leaves us in the winter, at least 
changes its place, removing to the southern 
counties. 
7. Stare, breeds here. Possibly several 
remove to other countries for that purpose, 
since the produce of those that continue 
