203 
trap formation, particularly in basalt, near 
Naples, and in the vicinity of Rome. Berg- 
man. gave it the name ot white garnet ; but 
Werner lias ascertained it to be a distinct 
species of itself. 
Seventh Species. Melanite. 
The general colour is velvet-black. It 
occurs chrystallized in a six-sided prism. 
The chrystals are middle-sized or small. 
Externally they are smooth and shining, ap- 
proaching to splendent ; internally shining, 
inclining to glistening. 
The melanite is opaque, hard, pretty 
easily frangible, and not very heavy. It 
occurs imbedded in rocks of the newest 
floetz trap formation, and hitherto has been 
found only at Frescali and St. Albano, near 
Rome. 
Eighth Species. Garnet. 
This is divided into two sub-species, the 
precious garnet and the common garnet. 
See Garnet, and fig. 7. 
Ninth Species. Pyrope. 
The colour is dark blood- red. It occurs 
in small and middle-sized roundish and angu- 
lar grains ; but never chrystallized. Its lustre 
is splendent and vitreous. It is completely 
transparent, hard so as to scratch quartz, 
and not particularly heavy. 
The pyrope is found imbedded in serpen- 
tine in Saxony and Bohemia. In Fifeshire, 
Scotland, it is found in the sand on the sea 
shore. It is employed in various kinds of 
jewellery, and is generally set in a good 
foil. 
Tenth Species. Grenatite. 
The colour is a dark reddish-brown. It is 
always chrystallized in broad six-sided prisms. 
The chrystals are small and middle-sized, 
internally glistening, with a lustre between 
vitreous and resinous. 
The grenatite varies from opaque to 
translucent, is hard, brittle, easily frangible, 
and not particularly heavy. 
It is found imbedded in mica slate, in St. 
Gothard, Switzerland; and is also met with 
in Britanny and in Spain. 
Eleventh Species. Spinelle. 
The predominant colour is red, which 
passes on into blue, green, yellowy and 
brown. It occurs in grains, and likewise 
chrystallized in octaedrons with several va- 
riations. The chrystals are very rarely mid- 
dle-sized. Externally and internally the lus- 
tre is splendent and vitreous. 
The spinelle alternates from transparent to 
vitreous : it is hard in a pretty high degree, 
and approaches to heavy. It is fusible with 
borax: occurs in rocks belonging to the 
newest floetz trap formation ; and is found in 
Pegu and Ceylon. It is used as a precious 
stone, and considerably valued, though pos- 
sessing neither the hardness nor the fire of 
the oriental ruby. 
Tiueljth Species. Sapphire. 
The principal colour Berlin blue; but it is 
found also red, with all the intermediate 
shades between these two < olours. it oc- 
curs in small rolled pieces, and chrystallized 
in double three-side pdyramids, of which 
there are several varieties in ligure. 
MINERALOGY. 
The chrystals are small and middle-sized. 
Internally the lustre is splendent and vitre- 
ous. It is more or less transparent in differ- 
ent specimens. Some varieties, when cut, 
exhibit a star of six rays. Fig. 8. 
The sapphire is hard in the highest degree, 
but yields to the diamond; it is easily 
frangible, and rather heavy, having a spe- 
cific gravity, of about 4.000. 
It is infusible without addition ; occurs in 
rocks of the newest floetz trap formation, and 
is supposed to be an inmate of granite, syen- 
ite, and other primitive rocks. 
This precious stone is found in the utmost 
beauty in Pegu and Ceylon. It is also a na- 
tive of Portugal, of France, ami of Bohemia. 
Next to the diamond', it is the most valuable 
of gems, and is used in the linest kind of 
jewellery. 
It should be observed, that the violet-co- 
loured sapphire is the oriental amethyst; 
that the yellow is the oriental chrysolite and 
topaz ; and that the green is the oriental 
emerald. 
Thirteenth Species. Corundum. 
The principal colour is a greenish-white, 
of various degrees of intensity. It occurs 
massive, disseminate d, in rolled pieces, and 
chrystallized. The chrystallizations resemble 
those of the sapphire, and the chrystals are 
middle-sized and imbedded. 
The corundum is duplicating translucent, 
hard in a high degree, pretty easily frangi- 
ble, and approaches to heavy. It is supposed 
to occur imbedded in granite, syenite, or 
green-stone, and is found in the Carnatic and 
on the coast of Malabar. See Corundum. 
Fourteenth Species. Diamond Spar. 
The colour is a dark hair-brown. It oc- 
curs massive, disseminated, in rolled pieces, 
and chrystallized in six-sided prisms, or very 
acute six-sided pyramids. Internally, its 
lustre is splendent, approaching in a slight 
degree to adamantine. It may be cut so as 
to present an opalescent star of six rays, of a 
peculiar pearly light. 
It is translucent on the edges, hard in a 
high degree, easily frangible, and not parti- 
cularly heavy. 
The diamond spar probably occurs in gra- 
nite. It has hitherto been found only in 
China. Both this stone and corundum are 
employed in cutting and polishing hard mi- 
nerals, and they seem to be nearly allied to 
each other. 
Fifteenth Species. Emery. 
Emery is hard in the highest degree, not 
very easily frangible, and is heavy. It oc- 
curs in beds of talc and steatite, and is fre- 
quently accompanied with ealespar and 
blende. It is found in Saxony, in the islands 
of the Archipelago, in Spain, Normandy, and 
is said also to be a native of the isles of 
Guernsey and Jersey. 
It is of great use in cutting and polishing 
hard bodies. 
Sixteenth Species. Topaz. 
The chief colour is a wine-yellow, of all 
degrees of intensity. It is found massive, 
disseminated, and sometimes rolled, but most 
commonly chrystallized in oblique eight- 
sided or four-sided prisms, which exhibit se- 
veral varieties. The chrystals are small and 
C c 2 ’ 
middle-sized,' externally splendent; intern- 
ally splendent, and shining: lustre vitreous. 
'Fhe topaz alternates from translucent to 
transparent, and is duplicating transparent. . 
It is hard in a high decree, easily frangmle* 
and is not particularly heavy. It is fusible 
with borax ; and some kinds in a gentle heat 
turn white, and are sometimes sold ior dia- 
monds. 
It is commonly found in veins that traverse 
primitive rocks in Brazil, Siberia, in Fegu, 
and Ceylon ; in Bohemia, Saxony, and m 
Cornwall. Exhibiting various forms and 
tints, it has often been confounded with other 
precious stones. It is much used in seals 
and rings. 
Seventeenth Species. Enter a d. 
The green called emerald is the character- 
istic colour of this species, but it has all de- 
grees of intensity from deep to pale. It is 
said to occur massive and in rolled pieces, but 
most commonly chrystallized in low equi- 
angular six-sided prisms. The chrystals are 
middle-sized and small. Internally the lustre 
is intermediate between shining and splen- 
dent, and is vitreous. It alternates from 
transparent to translucent, and is duplicating 
transparent. 
'1 lie emerald is hard, not particularly 
heavy, melts easily with borax, but is scarce- 
ly fu ible before the blowpipe. It occurs in 
veins that traverse clay-slate, and at present 
i- only found in South America, particularly 
in Peru, though the Romans are said to have 
procured it from Egypt and Ethiopia. 
From the beauty and vivacity of its colour, 
the charming emblem of the vegetable king- 
dom, this precious stone is much admired, 
and employed in the most expensive kinds 
of jewellery. See Emerald. 
Eighteenth Species. Beryl. 
This is divided into two sub-soecies, the 
precious and the schorlous beryl. See 
Beryl, and lig. 9. 
Nineteenth Species. Schorl. 
This is divided into two sub-species, com- 
mon schorl and tourmaline. Fig. 10. 
Twentieth Species. Thumt rstone. 
The colour is commonly clove-brown, of 
various degrees of intensity. It is occasion- 
ally found massive, more frequently dissemi- 
nated ; but generally chrystallized in very flat 
and oblique rhombs. Externally, its lustre 
is generally' splendent; internally, it altern- 
ates from glistening to shining, and is vi- 
treous. 
This species alternates from perfectly 
transparent to weakly translucent. It is 
pretty hard, very easily frangible, and not 
particularly heavy. It appears to he pecu-. 
liar to the primitive mountains, and is found 
imbedded in limestone in Saxony, Dauphiny, 
Norway, Siberia, and Cornwall*. Fig. 11. 
Twenty-first Species. Iron-Flint. 
The colour a yellowish-brown, bordering 
on liver-brovyn. It occurs commonly mas- 
sive, but also chrystallized in small equian- 
gular six-sided prisms. Externally, its lustre 
is splendent; internally, shining, and is inter- 
mediate between vitreous and resinous. 
Iron-Hint is opaque, and slightly trans- 
lucent on the edges. It is pretty hard, some- 
