Dutch Money of account , is kept at 
Amsterdam and Rotterdam, the two chief 
trading places, in guilders, stivers, and pe- 
jiins; so that though goods are sold for other 
species, such as livre de gros, &c. yet ail are 
reduced to the above denominations for the 
entries into their books, 'i lie exchanges are 
made with us in so many shillings to a pound 
sterling, though in most other places in de- 
liiers-de-gros. 
Spanish Money of account, is at Cadiz 
kept in rials of pi te and its fractions; at 
Castile, in maravedies; at Yal ncia, in livres 
or dollars, sueldos and dineros; of which 
last twelve make a sueido, and twenty su- 
eldos a livre or dollar. Seventeen q nirtos, at 
Cadiz and Castile, make two rials .vellon, 
which is now an imaginary coin, though for- ! 
merly it was the principal one of the king- 
dom. A maravedie is another imaginary 
specie, of which seventeen is reckoned to a 
rial vellon. The ducat in alsc a fictitious 
coin of eleven rials of plate in purchases, 
sales, and other mercantile transactions, ex- 
cept in exchanges, when it is valued at ele- 
ven rials of plate and one maravedie, or 5 75 
maravedies. 
Portuguese Money of account, is kept 
in reas, or res, making a separation at every 
hundred, thousandth, &c. 800 reas go to a 
moidore. 
German and Siuiss Money of account. 
At Coningsberg, Elbing, and Dantzic, ac- j 
counts are kept in rixdoilars and gros, or in 
Polish guilders, gros, and deniers, or penins. ! 
They exchange on Amsterdam in Polish gros j 
for a’ livre de gros of six guilders current mo- j 
nev of Amsterdam, and on Hamburg for the : 
lixdollar. At Lubec, accounts are kept in j 
marks, schellings, and deniers or penins-lubs, | 
in which their exchanges' are made. At i 
Breslaw, accounts are kept in rixdoliars and ! 
silver gros and penin ; in the first ot which I 
species exchanges are made on Amsterdam 
for a certain number of stivers, bank money, 
and on Hamburg for rixdoliars or Breslaw 
against rixdoliars of Hamburg bank. At 
Hamburg, accounts are kept in marks, 
schellings, and deniers- mbs bank money, by 
those who have cash in the bank ; but by 
those who have not, ’their books are gene- 
rally kept in rixdoliars, schellings, and de- 
ader current money. At Bremen, accounts 
are kept in rixdoliars and gros, ai d it ex- 
changes on Amsterdam rixdoliars of seventy- 
gros for rixdoliars of fifty stivers banco. At 
Leipsic and Naumbourg, accounts are kept 
in rixdoilars, crowns, gros, and penins. At 
Berlin, and in all dais kingdom, accounts 
are kept in guilders, gros, and penins. At 
Zurich, accounts are kept in rixdoliars, 
creutzers, and hellers; reckoning the r rix 
dollars (worth about 4s. 0:1. sterling) at 108 
of their creutzers. At Frankfort cn the 
Maine, and Hanaw, accounts are kept in rix- 
doliars and cteutzers. At Vienna, accounts 
are kept in guilders, creutzers, and penins, 
reckoning eight penins to a creulzer, and 
sixty creutzers to a guilder. At Nuremberg 
and Augsbourg, accounts are kept in guild- 
ers, creutzers, and hellers; at Liege, in 
livres, sols, and deniers. 
In the canton of St. Gall, in Switzerland, 
accounts are kept in guilders, creutzers, and 
penins; or under the same denomination 
{with the coins of the empire. In the canton 
MONEY. 
of Basil, accounts are variously kept, some hi 
rixdoliars, schellings, and deniers; some in 
livres, scheliings, and deniers ; some in rix- 
doilars, creutzers, and penins; and some in 
guilders, creutzers, and penins. 
Italian Money of account. In the cities 
of Genoa and Novi, accounts are kept in 
livres, soldi, and denari; or in dollars oi 100 
soldis. At Milan, accounts are kept in livres, 
solclis, and denari, to be counted like pounds, 
shillings, and pence, viz. twelve denaris to a 
soldi, &c. At Rome, accounts are kept in 
crowns, julios, and bajoches, or grains and 
quai trins; the crown is divided into ten ju- 
lios, and the julio into ten bajoches. At 
i eghorn, accounts are generally kept in dol- 
lars, soldi, and denari. At Florence, they 
keep their books and accounts in crowns, 
soldi, and denari, picoli or current money. 
At Naples, accounts are kept in ducats, flo- 
rins, and grains. 'I he accounts in Sicily are 
kept the same as at Naples. At Lucca they 
keep their accounts in crowns, livres, soldi, 
and denari; t tie crown is worth 7 livres 10 
soldi; the livre, 20 soldi, and the soldi, 12 
denar . At \ enice, a counts are kept in 
livres, soldi, and denari, picoii or current; 
but the bank-entries are in livres, soldi, and 
grosses : both t lie current and bank-ducats 
of T v enice make 24 soldi, or six livres and 4 
soldi. At Bologna, accounts are kept in 
livres, soldi, and denari ; tiie livre being 20 
soldi, and the soldi 12 denari. At Bergam, 
the money of account is the same as at Bo- 
logna, and its proportions t he same. At 
Parma accounts are kept in crowns, soldi, and 
denari; the crown is 20 soldi, and the soldi 
20 denari. At Modena and Mantua, ac- 
counts are kept in livres, soldi, and denari. 
In Savoy and Piedmont, accounts are kept 
in livres or lires, soldi, and quartrins. At 
Placentia, accounts are kept in crowns, soldi, 
and denari oi mark ; of which 12 denari make 
a soldi, and 20 soldi the crown. In the 
island of Sardinia, accounts are kept as in 
most parts of Italy, m livies, soldi, and de- 
nari. In the island ot Malta, the money ot 
account is the same with that ot Sicily. In 
tiie island of Candia, the account is the same 
as at Venice. 
Russian, Sxvedish, Danish, and Polish 
Money of account. In tiie trading places 
of tiie Russian empire, accounts are kept in 
roubles, grives, and moscosques, or in rou- 
bles and coppecks ; 10 coppecks -(each of 
which is equal to 2 moscosques) make a 
a grive, and 100 coppecks, or 10 grives, is a 
rouble. In the kingdom of Sweden, accounts 
are kept in dollars, marks, and oorts; the 
dollar being worth 4 marks, and tiie mark 8 
oorts. In Denmark, accounts are kept in 
marks and schellings: the rixdollar is worth 
6 marks; the mark, 16 scheliings; and tiie 
scheliing, 3 penins. Accounts are kept at 
Bergen, and in other places in Norway, in 
Danish rixdoliars, marks, and schellings. In 
Poland, accounts are kept in guilders, gros, 
and deniers, of which 18 deniers make a 
gros, and 30 gros a guilder: they here keep 
accounts also in rixdoliars and gros, reckon- 
ing 90 of the latter to one of the former. At 
Riga, accounts are kept in rixdoilars and 
gros, the former of which species consists ot 
90 of the latter. 
Turki- h Money of account. TheTurks, 
botii m Europe, Asia, and Africa, account by , 
22 1 
purses, either of silver or gold (tiie last being 
only used in the seraglio), witii halt purses ot 
gold, called also rizes : the purse oi silver is 
equal to 1500 French livres, or about 65/. 
sterling; and tiie half purse in proportion: 
tiie purse ot gold is 15,000 sequins, equal to 
30,000 French crowns, or about 3,750/. 
stcrii.ig: this is seldom used but tor presents 
to favourites, so that a purse simply signifies 
a purse of silver, or 1^500 livres. '! he mer- 
chants also use Dutch dollars, called aslani 
or abouquels, with medins and uppers: the 
dollar is equal to 35 medins, and the media 
to 3 aspers ; tiie asper to a lialipenny sterling 
money. 
Asiatic Monies of account are as follow. 
In Persia, they account by the tamaii (called 
also man and tumein) and dinar-bisti ; the 
taman is composed ot 50 abassis, or 100 rna- 
modies, or 200 chapes, or 10,000 dinars; 
which, accounting tiie abassi on the loot of 
13 French sols, or the dinar on that of a de- 
nier, amounts to 3/. 12s. (id. sterling the ta- 
rnan. They also account by larins, especi- 
ally at Oriwus, and on the coast ot the Per- 
sian gu ph: the larin is equivalent to 1 \d. 
sterling ; and on that footing is used also in 
Arabia, and through a great part of the East- 
Indies. Chinese moneys of account aie tiie 
pic, picol, and tael ; which, though in effect 
weights, do likewise serve as money ot ac- 
count, obtaining in Tonquin as well as Chi- 
na: the. pic is divided into 100 calls, some 
say 125; the cati into 16 taels, each tael 
equal to one ounce two drachms: tne picol 
contains 6G| caties; the tael is equivalent to 
6$. 8 d. sterling. 
Japanese moneys of account are tiie schu- 
ites, cockiens, oebans or oubans, and taels : 
200 schuites are equal to 500 Dutch pounds, 
the cockien equal to 10 low-country pounds, 
1000 oebans make 45,000 taels. 
Mogul monev of account: at Surat, Agra, 
1 and the rest of the estates of the great mogul, 
they use lacres, acrees, or leeths, implying, 
one hundred thousand; thus a iacre ot lupees 
is 100,000 rupees ; tiie iacre being nearly on 
the tooting ol the tun of gold in Holland, and 
the million of France. 
Monies of account of other islands and 
coasts of India. Throughout Malabar, and 
at Goa, they use tangas, vintins, and pardos- 
xeraphin : tiie tanga is of two kinds, viz. of 
good and bad alloy ; hence their custom is to 
count by good or bad money ; tLe tanga of 
good alloy is better by one-fifth than the bad, 
so that 4 "tangas good being allowed the par- 
dos-xeraphin, there will be required 5 of the 
I bad ; 4 vintins good make a tanga likewise 
good; 15 barucos, a vintin ; a good baruco 
is equal to a Portuguese ree, a French de- 
nier, or one-thirteenth of a penny sterling. 
In the island of Java they use the sontasa- 
pacou, kudos, and catis ; which last money, 
together with the leeth or iacre, is -much 
used throughout ail tiie Last Indies: ihe 
sonta is 200 caxas, or little pieces of that 
country, hung on a string, and is equal to 
eleven- twelfths of a penny sterling : five son- 
tas make the sapac on. '1 he kudos < quai to 
2s. 8 d. sterling; the cat: contains 20 taels; 
the tael 6*. 8u. sterling. There are islands, 
cities, and states, oi the East Indies, whose 
monies of account are not here expressed, 
partly because reducible to some of the 
