253 
NAT 
NATRUM. See Soda. 
NATIVITY, in old law-books, signifies 
villainage or servitude. 
Is Al URAL HI£> I ORY. The object of 
this branch of science may be divided into 
two heads ; the first teaches us the characte- 
ristics, 01 distinctive marks, of each indivi- 
dual object, whether animal, vegetable, or 
mineral; the second makes us acquainted 
with all its peculiarities, as to its habits, its 
qualities, and its uses, lb assist in attaining 
I the fiist, it is necessary to adopt some system 
I of classification, in which individuals that 
j agree in particular points may be arranged 
I together. In this work we have adopted 
the Linnasan system, as the most simple and 
perfect that has been presented to the public. 
A knowledge ol the second head is only 
gamed by a patient investigation of each par- 
ticular object, for this we refer the reader to 
I the several genera described in these volumes, 
under which we have endeavoured to give a 
brief account of all the interesting and ma- 
terial facts. 
The study of natural history consists in the 
collection, arrangement, and exhibition, of 
the various productions of the earth. These 
| are divided into the three grand kingdoms 
j of nature, the boundaries of which meet to- 
j getherin the zoophytes. See Zoophytes. 
Minerals inhabit the interior parts of the 
; earth, in rude and shapeless masses. They 
; are bodies concrete without life and serisa- 
| tion. See Mineralogy. 
j Vegetables clothe the surface with ver- 
' dure, imbibe nourishment through bibulous 
; roots, breathe by leaves, and continue their 
kind by the dispersion of seed within pre- 
scribed limits. They are organized bodies, 
and have life and not sensation. See Bo- 
tany. 
Animals adorn the exterior parts of the 
earth, respire and generate eggs ; are im- 
pelled to action by hunger, affections, and 
pam; and by preying on other animals and 
vegetables, restrain within proper bounds 
and proportions the numbers of both. They 
have organized bodies, and have life, sensa- 
tion, and the power of locomotion. 
Man, the governor and subjugator of all 
other beings, is, by his wisdom alone, able 
to form just conclusions from such things as 
present themselves to his senses, which consist 
of natural bodies. Hence the first step of 
wisdom is to know these bodies ; and to be 
able, by marks imprinted on them by the 
God of nature, to distinguish them" from 
each other, and to affix to every object its 
proper name. These are the elements of this 
science ; this is the great alphabet of nature: 
for if the name is lost, the knowledge of the 
object is lost also. 
The method adopted in natural history, 
indicates that every body may, by inspec- 
tion, be known by its peculiar name, and this 
points out whatever the industry of man has 
been able to discover concerning it ; so that, 
amidst the greatest apparent confusion, the 
greatest order is visible. 
The Linnaean system is divided into five 
branches, each subordinate to the other.- 
these are, class, order, genus, species, and 
variety, with their names and characters. In 
this arrangement, the classes and orders are 
arbitrary, the genera and species are natural. 
Of the three grand divisions above referred 
do, the animal kingdom ranks highest in com- 
N A T' 
parative estimation, the next the vegetable, 
and last is the mineral kingdom. 
To the vegetable and mineral kingdoms, 
we have already referred under the distinct 
heads Botany and Mineralogy: with 
regard to the animal kingdom, we observe 
that, 
Animals enjoy sensation by means of a 
living organization, animated by a medullary 
substance ; perception by nerves ; and mo- 
tion by the exertion of the will. They have 
members for the different purposes of life ; 
organs for their different senses ; and facul- 
ties or powers for the application of their 
different perceptions. They all originate 
irom an egg. Their external and internal 
structure, habits, instincts, and various re- 
lations to each other, will be found under the 
different genera. See also Comparative 
Anatomy. 
'The division of animals is into six classes, 
formed from their internal structure. 
1. Mammalia f Heart with") viviparous 
| 2 auricles | 
j Sc 2 ventri- , 
. cles: blood f 
2 Birds warm and I oviparous 
I red. J 
3. Amphibia { Heart with') lungs voluntary 
1 an ride & | 
1 1 ventricle: y 
4. Fishes | blood cold | 
v. and red. J 
5. Insects f Heart withfi have antenna; 
| 1 auricle, 
-{ ventricle 0; V 
6. \ ermes [ sanies cold | tentacula. 
Land white. J 
The following is an abstract of Linnsus’s 
Systema Naturae, by Gmelin. 
Class I. Mammalia. 
N A U 
Class V. Insectje. 
Order. 
Genera. 
Species. 
C'oleoptera 
55 
4*048 
Hemiptera 
14 
1464 
Lepidoptera 
3 
2600 
JN europtera 
7 
174 
Ilymenoptera 25 
1239 
JJiptera 
12 
692 
Aptera 
15 
679 
7 
121 
10806 
Class VI. Vermes. 
Order. 
Genera. 
Species. 
Intestina 
21 
384 
Mollusca 
31 
538 
Testacea 
36 
2525 
Zoopbita 
1 5 
498 
Infusoria 
15 
191 
Order. 
Primates. 
Genera. 
4 
Bruta 
7 
Ferze 
10 
Glires 
10 
Pecora 
8 
Bellua; 
4 
Cete 
4 
7 
47 
Class 11. Avi 
Order. 
Genera. 
Acci pitres 
4 
Pics 
26 
Anseres 
13 
Grallze 
20 
Gallinas 
10 
Passeres 
17 
6 
87 
Species. 
88 
25 
186 
129 
90 
25 
14 
557 
Species. 
271 
663 
314 
326 
129 
983 
Order. 
Reptilia 
Serpentes 
Class IITA Amphibia. 
2686 
Genera. 
4 
6 
Species. 
147 
219 
10 365 
Class IV. Pisces. 
Order. 
Apodes 
Jugulares 
Thoracici 
Abdominales 
Branchiostegi 
Chondrop terygii 
6 * 
Genera. 
10 
6 
19 
16 
10 
5 
65 
5 118 4036. 
Natural philosophy, that which con- 
siders the powers and properties of natural 
bodies, and their actions on one another. 
Our knowlege of nature being now found te 
result entirely from well-conducted experi- 
ments, the term natural philosophy has been 
latterly compounded with that of experiment- 
al philosophy, and indeed they seem nearly 
to mean the same thing. See Experimental 
I hilosophy. Natural philosophy is, however, 
obviously rather a system or aggregate of seve- 
ral branches of knowledge, than a simple and 
uniform science. These branches, therefore 
it was necessary to' treat of under separate 
articles, to which we must content ourselves 
with referring upon this occasion, arranffino- 
them m the order in which we think they mav 
be studied with most advantage, viz. At- 
traction, Gravitation, and Gravity 
Magnetism, Motion, Mechanics’ 
Pneumatics, Hydrostatics, Hydrau- 
lics, Electricity, Galvanism, Optics 
Astonomy ; to which we may add Chemis- 
try and Mineralogy. 
NATURALIZATION, is when an alien- 
born is made the king’s natural subject. 
Hereby an alien is put in the same state as 
if he had been born in the king’s liegeance ex- 
ccpt onl} that he is incapable of being a 
member of the privy council or parliament 
and of holding any office or grant. No bill 
for a naturalization can be received in either 
house of parliament, without such disabling 
clause in it ; nor without a clause disabling 
the person from obtaining any immunity in 
trade thereby, in any foreign country, unless 
he shall have resided in Britain seven years 
after the coitimencement of the session in 
which he is naturalized. Neither can any 
person be naturalized, or restored in blood 
unless he has received the sacrament within 
one month before bringing in of the bill, and 
unless he also takes the oaths of allegiance 
and supremacy in the presence of the par- 
liament. 1 Black. 374. See Alien. 
NAVAL stores comprehend all those par- 
ticulars made use of, not only in the royal 
navy, but m every other kind of navigation • 
as timber tor shipping, pitch, tar, hem.,* 
coiclage, sail-cloth, gunpowder, ordnance and 
fire-arms ot every sort, ship-chandlery wares, 
NAIJCLiEA, a genus of the pentandrh 
monogyma class and order. .The corolla is 
iunnel-torm ; seed one, inferior, two-celled- 
receptacle, common globular. There are’ 
four species, trees of the fet. Indies, &cv 
