N A \J 
Hit Fdrift of the Loo-Book, with the Mannst 
of working Days’ Works at Sea, 
Tub Log-Book. 
H 
K 
:|K 
Courses. 
Winds 
Observations and 
Accidents, — 
Da v nf 
Fair weather : at 
four this afternoon 
l 
I took my depar- 
2 
North 
tore from the Li- 
3 
zard, in the lati- 
tude of 5 1 00' north 
4 
it bearing NNE. 
6 
7 
S W b S 
N4E 
distance 5 leagues. 
7 
y 
1 
8 
7 
I 
9 
6 
10 
6 
11 
6 
S S W 
E 5 S 
The eale increas- 
12 
1 
6 
1 
ing and being under 
all our sails. 
6 
1 
After three this 
2 
6 
1 
S WIW 
NNE 
morning, frequent 
showers with thick 
s 
6 
1 
weather till near 
4 
7 
noon. 
5 
1 
6 
- 
7 
$ 
S 
8 
s w 
ENE 
The variation I 
9 
8 
1 
reckon to be one 
point westerly 
10 
9 
13 
8 
1 
SWjW 
NE4E 
12 
8 
| 
The Log-Book. 
Courses Correct. 
Dist. 
Diff. Lat. 
Diff. Long. 
N. 
. S. 
E. 
W. 
S SW 
50 
46.2 
29.4 
S b W 
19 
18.6 
5.5 
S W 
49 
29.7 
45.5 
S WbS 
24.5 
20.2 
20.0 
S W£S 
25.5 
19.5 
19.5 
144.2 
125.0 
Hence the ship, by account, has come to 
the latitude of 47° 46' north, and lias differed 
her longitude 2° 5' westerly; so this day I 
have made my way good S. 31° 31' VY. dis- 
tance 157.4 miles. 
At noon tire Lizard bore from me N. 31° 
31' E. distance 157.4 miles; and having ob- 
served the latitude, I found it agreed with the 
latitude by account. 
We have under the article Longitude 
shewn the method of finding the longitude at 
sea by means of timekeepers. For the me- 
thod of doing the same by lunar observations, 
we refer to the Nautical Almanac, and the 
tables that accompany it. 
NAUTILUS, in zoology, a genus belong- 
ing to the order of vermes testaceas. The 
shell consists of one spiral valve, divided into 
several apartments by partitions. There are 
17 species, chiefly distinguished by particula- 
rities in their shells. 
The most remarkable division of the nau- 
tili is into the thin and thick-shelled kinds. 
The first is called nautilus papyraceus; and 
its shell is indeed no thicker than apiece of 
N A Z 
paper when out of (he water. This species 
is not at all fastened to its shell ; but there is 
an opinion, as old as the days of Pilin', that 
this creature creeps out of its shell, and goes 
on shore to feed. When this species is to 
sail, it expands two of its arms on high, and 
between these supports a membrane which 
it throws out on this occasion ; this serves for 
its sail : and the two other arms it hangs out 
of its shell, to serve- occasionally either as 
oars or as a steerage ; but this last office is 
generally served by the tail. When the sea 
is calm, it is common to see numbers of these 
creatures diverting themselves in this man- 
ner; but as soon as a storm rises, or any thing 
gives them disturbance, they draw in then- 
legs, and take in as much water as makes 
them specifically heavier than that in which 
they float; and they’ sink to the bottom. 
When they rise again, they void this water 
by a number of holes, of which their legs are 
full. The other nautilus, whose shell is thick, 
never quits that habitation. This shell is di- 
vided into 40 or more partitions, which grow 
smaller and smaller as they approach the ex- 
tremity or centre of the shell ; between every 
one ot these cells and the adjoining ones, there 
is a communication by 7 means of a hole in 
the centre of every one of the partitions. 
Through this hole there runs a pipe of the 
whole length of the shell. It is supposed by 
many, that by means of this pipe the fish oc- 
casionally passes from one cell to another ; 
but this seems by no means probable, as the 
fish must undoubtedly be crushed to death 
by passing through it. It is much more 
likely that the fish always occupies the largest 
chamber in its shell ; that is, that it lives in 
the cavity between the mouth and the first 
partition, and that it never removes out of 
this ; but that all the apparatus of cells and a 
pipe of communication, which we so much 
admire, serves only to admit occasionally air 
or water into the shelf, in such proportion as 
may serve the creature in its intentions of 
swimming. 
Some authors call this shell the concha 
margaritifera ; but this can be only on ac- 
count of the fine colour on its inside, which 
is more beautiful than any other mother-of- 
pearl ; for it has not been observed that this 
species of fish ever produced pearls. It must 
be observed, that the polypus is by no means 
to be confounded with the paper-shelled nau- 
tilus, notwithstanding the great resemblance 
in the arms and body of the inclosed fish ; 
nor is the cornu ammeuis, so frequently found 
fossil, to be confounded with the thick-shell- 
ed nautilus, though the concamerations and 
general structure of the shell are alike in 
both ; for there are great and essential differ- 
ences between all these genera. 
NAZARITES, among the Jews, persons 
who either of themselves, or by their parents, 
were dedicated to the observation of Nazarite- 
ship. They were of two sorts, namely, such 
as were bound to this observance for only a 
short time, as a week or month ; and those 
who were bound to it all their lives. All that 
we find peculiar in the latter’s way of life is, 
that they were to abstain from wine and all 
intoxicating liquors, and never to shave .or 
cut off the hairs of their heads. The first 
sort of Nazarites were moreover to avoid all 
defilement ; and if they chanced to contract 
any pollution before the term was expired, 
they were obliged to begin, afresh. WO- 
N' E E 207 
men as well as men might bind themselves 
to this vow. 
NE ADMITTAS, in law, a writ directed 
to the bishop, at the suit of one teat is patron 
of a church, where, on a quare impedit, &x\ 
depending, he is doubtful that the bishop will 
collate his clerk, or admit the other’s cleik, 
during the suit between them . 
NEAT, or Net-weight, the weight of 
a commodity alone, clear of the cask, bag, 
case, or even filth. 
NEBl LOUS, cloud’/, in astronomy, a 
term applied to certain of this fixed stars, 
which shew a dim hazy light, being less than 
those of the sixth magnitude, and therefore 
scarce visible to the naked eye. 
NECESSITY. The law charges no man 
with default where the act is compulsory, and 
not voluntary, and where there are not a con- 
sent and election; and therefore if either 
there is an impossibility for a man to do 
otherwise, or so great a perturbation of the 
judgment and reason as in presumption of 
law man’s nature cannot overcome, such ne- 
cessity carries a privilege in itself. 
Necessity is of three sorts; necessity of 
conservation of life, necessity of obedience, 
and necessity of the act of God, or of a 
stranger. 
And first, of conservation of life ; if a man 
steals viands to satisfy his present hunger, this, 
is no felony nor larceny. 
The second necessity is of obedience ; and 
therefore where baron and feme commit a 
felony, the feme can neither lie principal nor 
accessary, because the law intends her to have, 
no will in regard of the subjection and obe- 
dience she owes her husband. 
The third necessity is of the act of God, or 
of a stranger; as if a man is particular tenant 
for years of a house, and it should be over- 
thrown by thunder, lightning, and tempest, 
in this case, he is excused of waste. Bac. 
Elem. 25, 26, 27. 
NECK. See Anato MY. 
NECKERIA, a genus of the class and 
order cryptogamia musci, but little known. 
NECTAR1UM. See Botany, vol. i. p. 
254. 
NECTRlS, a genus of the hexandriat 
digynia class and order: the calyx is one - 
leafed, six-parted, coloured ; corolla none ; 
styles permanent; caps, two; superior ovate, 
one-celled, mahy-seeded; there is one species, 
a native of Guiana. 
N ECYDAIJS, a genys of insects belong- 
ing to the order of coleoptera. The feeders 
are setaceous; the elytra are shorter and nar- 
rower than the wings ; the tail is simple. 
There are 1 1 species, chiefly distinguished 
by the size and figure of the elytra. 
NEEDLE, a very common small instru- 
ment or utensil, made of steel, pointed at one 
end, and pierced at the other, used in sewiiw, 
embroidery, tapestry, &c. Needles make 
a very considerable article in commerce, 
though there is scarcely any commodity 
cheaper, the consumption of them being al- 
most incredible. The sizes are from N® 1. 
the largest, to N° 25. the smallest. In the 
manufacture of needles, German and Hun- 
garian steel are of most repute. In the mak- 
ing of them, the first thing is to pass the steel 
through a coal-fire, and under a hammer, to 
bring it out of its square figure into a cylin- 
drical one. 'I. his done, it is- drawn through 
