OLD 
OLE 
290 OIL 
seem scarcely capable of combining with the 
metallic oxides. 
They combine only imperfectly, and in 
small quantities, with alkalies and earths. The 
French chemists have proposed to give these 
combinations the name of savonules, which 
Dr. Pearson has translated by the term 
saponules; but these denominations have not 
been adopted by chemists.* 
J hey absorb nitrous gas in great abun- 
dance, and with great facility, and seemingly 
decompose it, acquiring a thick consistence 
and a resinous appearance, as if they had 
absorbed oxygen. 
Sulphuric acid decomposes volatile oils ; 
-carbureted hydrogen gas is emitted, and 
charcoal is precipitated. Nitric acid inflames 
thc-m, and converts them into water, car- 
bonic acid, and charcoal. Oxy muriatic acid 
converts them into substances analogous to 
resins. 
Volatile oils are applied to a great number 
of uses. Some of them are employed in 
medicine ; some of them, as oil of turpentine, 
are much used to dissolve resins, which are 
afterwards employed as varnishes ; not to 
mention their employment in painting and 
In per’fumerv. 
Besides the oils which exist ready formed 
in the vegetable and animal kingdoms, there 
are a variety of others which are obtained 
when animal or vegetable bodies are distilled 
by means of a heat above that of boiling water. 
These oils have received the appellation of 
empyreumatic, because they are formed by 
the action of the lire. 
The following is a list of the plants which 
yield the fixed oil's occurring usually in com- 
iner ce : 
,J. Linum usitatissimum & ? T . , . r 
4 Linseed on 
perenne - ^ 
2. Corylus avellana 7 
.*3. Juglans regia 3 
4. Papaver ;omniferum - 
5. Cannabis sativa - - 
(>: Sesamum orientale 
7. Oiea Europea 
8. Amygdalus communis - 
9 Guilandina Mohringa - 
IQ. Cacurbita pepo & melapepo Cucumber oil 
11. Fagus svlvatica - - Beech oil 
12. Sinapis nigra & arvensis Oil of mustard 
13. Helianthusannuus&per- 
ennis - - 
14. Brassica napus & campestris Rapeseed oil 
15. Ricinus communis - Castor oil 
1C. Nicotiana tabacum &rus-7 „ , , 
Jr I Gba.CCO-3CCu Oil 
Nut oil 
Poppy oil 
Hemp oil 
Oil of sesamum 
Olive oil 
Almond oil 
Qil of behen 
Oil of sunflower 
t’.ca 
17. Primus domestica 
18. Vitis vinifera 
1 9. Theobroma cacao 
20. Taurus nobills 
SI.. Arachis hypogsea 
Plum-kernel oil 
Grapeseed oil 
Butter of cacao 
Laurel oil 
Ground-nut oil. 
The following Table contains a copious list 
«f plants which yield volatile oils. The part of 
the plant from which it is extracted, and the 
fcpglish name of the oil, are added in separate 
columns. 
Plants. 
Parts. 
1 Oil of 
Colour. 
1. Artemisia absynthium 
• 
Leaves 
Wormood 
Green 
2. Acorus calamus - - - 
- 
Root 
- 
Sweet flag 
- 
Yellow 
3. Myrtus pimenta - - 
- 
Fruit 
- 
Jamaica pepper 
Yellovr 
4. Anethum grave okas 
- 
Seeds 
Dill 
- 
Yellow 
5. Angelica archangelica - 
- 
Root 
- 
Angelica 
G. Pimpinella anisum 
- 
Seeds 
. 
Anise 
• 
White 
7. Illicium ahisatum - - 
. 
Seeds 
• 
Stellat. anise 
Brown 
8. Artemisia vulgaris - - 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Mugwort 
9. Citrus aurantium - - 
- 
Rind of the fruit 
Bergamot 
- 
Yellow 
10. Meioleuca ieucodendra 
- 
I. eaves 
- 
Cajeput - 
- 
Green 
11. Eugenia caryophyllata 
. 
Capsules 
_ 
Cloves - 
- 
Yellow 
12. Carum carui - - - - 
- 
Seeds 
- 
Caraways 
- 
Yellow 
13. Amomum cardamomum 
Seeds 
- 
Card, seeds 
Yellow 
14. Carlina acanlis - - - 
Roots 
• 
- _ - 
White 
15. Scandix chaerefolium « 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Chervil - 
- 
Sulph. yellow 
16. Matricaria chamomifla 
• 
Petals 
• 
Chamomile 
. 
Blue 
17. Laurus cinnamomum - 
« 
Bark 
. 
Cinnamon 
Yellow 
18. Citrus medica - - - 
- 
Rind of the fruit 
Lemons - 
Yellow- 
19. Cochlearia officinalis - 
- 
Leaves 
. 
Scurvy grass 
- 
Yellow 
20. Copaifera officinalis 
- 
Extract 
- 
Copaiba 
- 
White 
21. Coriandrum sativum 
. 
Seeds 
• 
Coriand. seed 
White 
22. Crocus sativus - - - 
- 
Pistils 
.. 
Saffron - 
Yellow 
23. Piper cubeba - - - 
- 
Seeds 
- 
Cubeb pepper 
Yellow 
24. Lauras culilaban » - 
_ 
Bark 
- 
Culilaban 
. 
Brown yellow 
25. Cuminum cvmium - - 
- 
Seeds 
_ 
Cummi - 
- 
Yellow 
26. Inula heienium - - - 
- 
Roots 
- 
Elecampane 
_ 
White 
27. Anethum foeniculum 
Seeds 
Fennel - 
White 
28. Croton eleutheria - - 
- 
Bark 
- 
Cascarilla 
Yellow 
29. Maranta gaianga - - 
- 
Roots 
- 
Gaianga 
_ 
Yellow 
30. Hyssopus officinalis 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Hyssop - 
- 
Yellow 
31. Juniperus communis - 
- 
Seeds 
- 
Juniper - 
. 
Green 
32. Lavendula spica - - 
- 
Flowers 
- 
Lavender 
Yellow 
33. Lauras nobilis - - - 
- 
Berries 
- 
Laurel - 
Brownish 
34. Prunus laurocerasus 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Laurocerasus 
35. Levisticum logusticum 
- 
Roots 
- 
Loveage 
Yellow 
36. Myristica moschata 
- 
Seeds 
- 
Mace 
- 
Yellow 
37. Origanum majorana 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Marjoram 
Yellow 
38. Pistacia lentiscus - - 
- 
Resin 
- 
Mastich 
- 
Yellow 
39. Matricaria parthenimn 
. 
Plant 
- 
Motherwort 
Blue 
40. Melissa officinalis - - 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Balm 
White 
41. Mentha crispa - • - 
- 
Leaves 
- 
- 
- 
White 
42. piperitis - - 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Peppermint 
- 
Yellow 
43. Achillea millefolium 
- 
Flowers 
- 
Millefoil 
- 
Blue and green 
44. Citrus aurantium - - 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Ncroli - 
Orange 
45. Origanum creticum 
- 
Flowers 
- 
Spanish hop 
- 
Brown 
46. Apium. petroselinum - 
- 
Roots 
- 
Parsley - 
- 
Yellow 
47. Pinus sylvestris & abies 
- 
Wood and 
resin 
Turpentine 
- 
Colourless 
48. Piper nigrum ... 
- 
Seeds 
- 
Pepper - 
- 
Yellow 
49. Rosmarinus officinalis- - 
- 
Plant 
- 
Rosemary 
- 
Colourless 
50. Mentha pulagium - - 
- 
Flowers 
- 
Pennyroyal 
- 
Yellow 
51. Genista canariensis - - 
- 
Root 
- 
Rhodium 
- 
Yellow 
52. Rosa centifolia - - - 
- 
Petals 
- 
Roses 
- 
Colourless 
53. Ruta graveolcns - - 
- 
I. eaves 
- 
Rue 
.. 
Yellow 
54. Juniperus sabina - - 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Savine - 
- 
Y el low 
55. Salvia officinalis - - 
- 
Leaves 
- 
Sage 
_ 
Green . 
56. Santalum album - - 
- 
Wood 
- 
Santalum 
. 
Yellow 
57. Laurus sassafras - - - 
- 
Root 
- 
Sassafras 
Yel law 
58. Satureia hortensis - - 
- 
Leaves 
Satureia 
Yellow 
59. Thymus serpillum - - 
- 
Leaves & flowers 
Thyme - 
Yellow 
60. Valeriana officinalis 
- 
R.oot 
- 
Valerian 
Green 
61. ICaimpferia rotunda 
- 
Root 
- 
Zedoary 
- 
Greenish blue 
62. Amomum Zinziber 
- 
Root 
Ginger - 
Yellow 
63. Andropogon schaenanthum 
- 
- 
Sira 
- 
Brown. 
Several of the gum-resins, as myrrh and galbanum, yield an essential oil 5 and likewise the 
balsams, as benzoin, &c. 
Oil-mill- See Ole a. 
O LAX, a genus of the triandria monogy- 
nia class and order. The calyx is entire, 
trifid ; corolla funnel-form, trifid; nect. four; 
berry three-celled, many-seeded. There is 
one species, a tree of Ceylon. 
OLDENLANDIA, a genus of the tetran- 
dria monogynia class and order. Its charac- 
ters are these : the empalement of the flower 
is permanent, sitting upon the germc-n ; the 
flower has four oval petals, which spread 
open, and four stamina, terminated by small 
a 
summits ; it lias a roundish germen, situated 
under the flower, crowned by an indented 
stigma : the germen afterwards turns to a 
globular capsule, with two cells filled with 
small seeds. There are sixteen species, 
herbs of the Cape, &c. 
OLD-WIFE, or Wrasse. See Labrus. 
OLEA, the olive-tree, a genus of the mo- 
nogynia order, in the diandria class of plants ; 
and in the natural method ranking under 
the 44th order, sapierise. The corolla is qua- 
drifid, with the segments nearly ovate. The 
