350 
V A P 
P annL '^ ' signifies the prisoner at 
l)JI > °i pt*i son. wlio takes his trial before 
K p r _ :):,I L °‘ justiciary, for some crime. 
* vNxel, in joinery, is a tympanum, or 
r^ 1 f ! ’ Jlecy thm wood, sometimes carved, 
m'l. ci gi oovcd m a larger piece, between 
t\io uprigni piece* and two cross pieces. 
, a xx et., in masonry, is one of the faces of 
a hewn stone. 
lANOdP.l, a genus of insects of the or- 
er neuroptera: the generic character is, 
snout horny, cylindric, with two feelers; 
s.e.nmata t.iree: antenna: longer than thorax- 
tail ot the male chelated or clawed. The 
moh familiar species of this genus is the pa- 
nel pa communis of Tinmens, an insect very 
frequently seen in meadows during the early 
part of summer. It is a longish-bodied flv, 
or moderate size, with four transparent wings 
elegantly variegated with deep-brown spots: 
iie tail of the mail insect, which is generally 
carried in an upright position, is furnished 
y, itn a forceps, somewhat in the manner of a 
lobster s claw. 
1 he panorpa coa is a native of Greece and 
the islands of the Archipelago, and is an in- 
sect of a very peculiar appearance. It is 
considerably larger than the preceding, and is 
distinguished by having the lower wings so 
extremely narrow or slender as to resemble a 
pair of linear processes with an oval dilata- 
tion at the tip, while the upper wings arc 
very large, oval, transparent, and beautiful I \ 
\ai legated with yellowish -brown bars anc 
spots. See Piate Nat. Hist. fig. 340. 
E-AN I HER. See Felis. 
PA PAY ER, the poppy, a genus of the 
monogynia order, in the polya ndria class o: 
plants, and in the natural method ranking un 
Jci the 27th order, rhaeaxke. The corolla is 
tetrapetalous ; the calyx diphyllous; the cap- 
sule bilocular, opening at the pores below a 
jieisisling stigma. 1 here are nine species : 
]. 1 he somniferum, or somniferous common 
garden-poppv. There are of this a, great 
many varieties, some of them extremel} 
beautiful. 1 lie white officinal poppy is one 
of the varieties of this sort. It grows often tc 
the height of five or six feet, having large 
flowers, both single and double, succeeded 
by capsules or beads as large as oranges, each 
containing about 8000 seeds. 
V\ e are told, that in the province of Baliar 
in the East Indies, the poppy-seeds are sown 
iy the months of October and November, at 
aoout eight inches distance, and well watered 
till the plants are about half a foot high ; 
Nhen a compost of dung, nitrous earth, and 
ashes, is spread over the areas ; and a little 
before the flowers appear, they are again wa- 
tered profusely till the capsules are hall 
grown, at which time tho opium is collected, 
far when fully ripe they yield but little juice : 
two longitudinal incisions from below up- 
wards, without penetrating the cavity, are 
made at sun-set for three or four successive 
evenings; in the morning the juice is scraped 
.off with an iron scoop, and worked in an 
iron pot in the sun’s heat, till it is of a con- 
sistence to be formed into thick cakes of 
about four pounds weight ; these are covered 
over with the leaves of poppy, tobacco, or 
«ome other vegetable, to prevent their stick- 
ing together, and in this situation they are 
dried. See Narcotic Principle. 
2. The rharas, or wild globular-headed 
poppy, rises with an upright, hairy, multiflo- 
P A P 
PA ? 
rous stalk, terminated by many red and 
other-coloured flowers in the varieties, suc- 
ceeded by globular smooth capsules. Thi 
plant is common in corn-fields, and flowers in 
June and July. The capsules of this species, 
like those of the somniferum, contain a milky 
juice of a narcotic quality, but the quantity is 
very inconsiderable, and' has not been applied 
to any medical purpose; but an extract pre- 
pared from them lias been successfully em- 
ployed as a sedative. The flowers have some- 
what of the smell of opium, and a mucilagi- 
nous taste, accompanied with a slight degreeof 
bitterness. A syrup of these flowers is direct- 
ed in the London Pharmacopoeia, which has 
been thought useful as .an anodyne and pecto- 
ral, and is therefore prescribed in coughs and 
catarrhal affections ; but it seems valued ra- 
ther for the beauty of its colour than for its 
virtues as a medicine. 
3. The cambricum, or Welsh poppy, has 
a perennial root, pinnated cut leaves, smooth, 
upright, multiflorous stalks, a foot and a half 
high, terminated by many large yellow flow- 
ers, succeeded by smooth capsules. 
4. 1 he orientalis, or oriental poppy, has a 
large, thick, perennial root; long, pinnated, 
sawed leaves ; upright, rough, uniflorous 
stalks, terminated by one deep-red flower, 
succeeded by oval smooth capsules. The 
flowers appear in May. 
PAPER, sheets of a thin matter, made of 
some vegetable .substance. 
Paper-Making. Under this word we 
cannot do better than by giving a concise 
view of the art of making paper. 
The first instrument is called the duster, 
made in the form of a cylinder, four feet in 
diameter, and five feet in length. It is alto- 
gethei covered with a wire net, and put in 
motion by its connection with some part of 
the machinery. A convenient quantity of 
rags before the selection are inclosed in the 
dustei, and t lie rapidity of its motion sepa- 
rates the dust from them, and forces it through 
the wire. It is of considerable advantage to 
use the duster before selection, as it makes 
that operation less pernicious to the select- 
ors. 
The selection is then to be made ; and it is 
found more convenient to have the tables for 
cutting off the knots and stitching, and for 
forming them into a proper shape, in the 
same place with the cutting-table. The sur- 
face both of these and of the cutting-table is 
composed of a wire net, which in every part 
ot the operation allows the remaining dust 
and refuse of every kind to escape. 
I he rags, without any kind of putrefac- 
tion, are again carried from the cutting-table 
back to the duster, and from thence to an en- 
gine, where, in general, they are in the space 
ot six hours reduced to the stuff proper for 
making paper. r I he hard and soft of the 
same quality are placed in different lots ; but 
they can be reduced to stuff at the same 
time, provided the sott is put somewhat 
later into the engine. 
The engine is that part of the mill which 
performs the whole action of reducing the 
lags to paste, or, as it may be termed, of 
trituration. The number of the engines de- 
pends on the extent of the paper-work, on 
the force of water, or on the construction of 
the machinery. 
. When the stuff is brought to perfection, it 
is conveyed into a general repository, which 
supplies the vat from which the sheets of pa- 
per are formed. This vat is made of wood ; 
and generally about five feet in diameter, and 
two and a half- in depth. It is kept in 
temperature by means of a grate introduced 
by a hole, and surrounded on the inside of the 
vat with a case of copper. For fuel to this 
grate, they use charcoal or wood ; and fre- 
quently, to prevent smoke, the wall of the 
building comes in contact with one part of 
the vat, and the fire has no communication 
with the place where they make the paper. 
Every vat is furnished on the upper part 
with planks inclosed inwards, and even railed 
■n with wood, to prevent any of the stuff from 
running over in the operation. Across the 
vat is a plank which they call the trepan 
pierced with holes at one of the extremities’ 
and resting on the planks which surround the 
vat. 
wire ciotn. 
, -> riUU a moveable frame, u ts wita 
tnese that they fetch up the stuff’ from the 
vat, in order to form the sheets of paper 
1 he sides of the form are made of oak, which 
is previously steeped in water, and otherwise 
prepared to prevent warping. The wire 
clo h is made larger than the sheet of paper 
and the excess of it on all sides is covered 
with a moveable frame. This frame is neces- 
sary to retain the stuff of which the paper -is 
made on the cloth; and it must be exactly 
adapted to the form, otherwise the edges of 
the paper will be ragged and badly finished. 
I he wue cloth of the form is varied in pro- 
portion to tiie fineness of the paper and the 
nature of the stuff. 
The felts are pieces of woollen cloth spread 
over every sheet of paper, and upon which 
the sheets are laid to detach them from the 
orm, to prevent them from adhering t 0 ge- 
her, to imbibe part of the water with which 
the stuff is charged, and to transmit the 
whole ot it when placed under the action of 
the press. I lie two sides of the fell are dif- 
ferently raised: that of which the hair is 
longest is applied to the sheets which are laid 
down; and any alteration of tin’s disposition 
would produce a change in the texture of the 
paper The stuff of which the felts are made 
should be sufficiently strong, in order that it 
may be stretched exactly on the sheets with- 
out ionnmg into folds; and, at the same time, 
sufficiently pliant to yield in every direction 
w rthout injury to the wet paper. As the felts 
have to resist the reiterated efforts of the 
press, it appears necessary that the warp be 
very strong, of combed wool, and well twist- 
ed. On the other hand, as they have to im- 
bue a certain quantity of water, and to return 
it, it is necessary that the woof be of carded 
wool, and drawn out into a slack thread. 
hese are the utensils, together with the 
press, which are used in the apartment where 
the sheets of paper are formed. 
I he vat being furnished with a sufficient 
quantity of stuff and of water, two instru- 
ments are employed to mix them ; the one of 
which is a simple pole, and the other a pole 
armed with a piece of board, rounded and 
full ot holes. This operation is repeated as 
often as the stuff falls to the bottom. In the 
principal writing-mills in England, they use 
tor this purpose what is called a hog; which is 
machine within the vat, that, by means of a 
small wheel oil the outside, is made to turn 
2 
