P A I J 
V A P 
PAP 
the boards are slid down before the sieve, as 
at h, tig. 1- which prevents the water going 
through the sieves, In larger mills two diffe- 
rent engines are used ; that into which the 
rags are first pht is like fig. 3 ; the other one 
which is used to finish the rags is similar to it, 
but has much finer cutters, and the cylinder is 
let down much nearer the block L by the 
screw' a. 
The lower compartment of Plate Paper- 
making, represents one of the tables used in 
the manufactories in and near London, for 
printing the paper used for the hangings of 
rooms. A, is a square water-tight box, called 
the sieve, mounted upon legs; this box is 
about | Idled with water, mixed with paper- 
shavings, &c. and then another box B is put 
into it, so that it tloats on the water ; the bot- 
tom of this box is of parchment, and a frame 
covered with a piece of felt is laid upon it ; 
the table D, where the printing is performed, 
has two pieces of wood a fixed upright in it ; 
these have notches in them to receive the ends 
of a brass wire, which is put through the mid- 
dle of the roll of paper d ; the paper from this 
roll goes over the edge of the tabie, and is 
laid upon a noise, fig. j. which has a roller 
on its top for the paper to lie on. On one 
part of the horse a number of small sticks e, 
a little longer than the width of the paper, are 
laid. The operation is conducted as follows : 
the workman takes a roll of paper (each of 
which is 12 yards long, and 22 inches wide) 
from the shelf F, under the table, and puts a 
brass wire through it, and lays its ends in the 
pieces a, as shewn in the figure 4. ; he then 
pulls the end of the paper to the end of the 
table. In the mean time a hoy, called the 
tier boy, who stands on the stool E, brushes 
the felt which lies in the sieve B over with the 
colour used in the printing ; the workman 
then takes up the block (in which the device 
to be printed is cut as in wood cuts), by put- 
ting his hand through the strap nailed to the 
back of it, and presses its face upon the felt in 
the colour-sieve 13: the water which is under 
causes the felt to touch the block in every 
part, and take colour equally over the surface 
of the block: he then removes the block, 
and lays it upon the paper neat' the end of 
the table ; and takes up a mallet with a leaden 
head, called the mall, which has a small shelf 
h, in his right hand, and gives the block two 
blows on the back of it, to make the impres- 
sion. He then puts down the mall, and lifts 
up the block (which his left hand never quitted), 
and turns round to take colour at the sieve : 
as he turns round to bring the block over the 
paper again, he takes hold of the edge of the 
paper with his right hand, and pulls it forward 
the proper distance to print again ; in laying 
the block down, he guides it to its place with 
his right hand, and when it is laid he takes up 
the mall as before. In this manner he pro- 
ceeds till the end of the paper touches the 
ground ; the tier boy then goes and puts it 
over the horse, fig. 5. and returns to the 
sieve. When the middle of the paper nearly 
touches the ground, he goes again to the end 
of the paper, and pulls it straight over the 
horse, and lays it on the ground as in the 
figure. This operation he repeats as oiten as 
is necessary, till the pieces -are finished: he 
then takes the poll, fig. 6. from the ground, 
and puts one of the sticks e, fig. 5. into the 
groove across its top. He then puts the paper 
on the sticks, and lifts them all together to 
Vol. II. 
the ceiling of the room, where he lodges the 
ends of the sticks upon a rack made for the 
purpose : he then takes down the pole, and 
puts up another stick in a different part, so as 
to hang up all the pieces in two or three loops 
to dry. In those prints which are very full, or 
in which there is much colour to lay on, the 
mall is not sufficient to give the impression : a 
lever is then used instead. Two of the legs of 
the table MN project some inches above it ; 
between these, two bars P are bolted, the mid- 
dle of which is strengthened by an upright 
post Q, whose end is fastened to the c eiling. 
T he shelf h has a piece m put into it ; the 
workman takes his colour, and places the 
block on the paper as before ; but instead of 
taking the mall from the shelf h, he places tiie 
middle of the lever (the end of which was un- 
der the bar P, and the middle resting on the 
piece ?») over the block, and presses his | 
weight upon the outer end of the lever, which 
gives the impression: lie then lifts up the 
lever, slides his right hand to the middle of 
it (keeping his left at the outer end), and re- 
turns the lever on to the piece m, then lifts 
up the block to take colour as before. 
Paper, Marbled . See Marbling. 
Paper-Office, an office in which all the 
public writings, matters of state and council, 
proclamations, letters, intelligences, negoti- 
ations abroad, and generally all dispatches 
that pass through the offices of the secreta- 
ries of state, are lodged, by way of library. 
Paper-Office is also an office belonging to 
the court of king’s bench. 
PAPIER. MAC HE’, is a substance made 
of cuttings of white or brown paper, boiled in 
water, and beaten in a mortar till they are re- 
duced into a kind of paste ; and then boiled 
with a solution of gum arabic or of size, to 
give tenacity to the paste, which is afterwards 
formed into different toys, &c. by pressing it 
into oiled moulds. When dry, it is covered 
with a mixture of size and lamp-black, and af- 
terwards varnished. 
PAP1LIO, butterfly , a genus of insects of 
the order lepidoptera. The generic charac- 
ter is, antennae thickening towards the extre- 
mity, commonly terminating in a knob or 
clavated tip ; wings (when sitting) erect, and 
meeting upwards; flight diurnal. 
The prodigious number of species, amount- 
ing to many hundreds, in this genus, renders 
it absolutely necessary to divide the whole 
into sections or sets, instituted from the habit 
or general appearance, and, in some degree, 
from the distribution of the colour on the 
wings. This division of the genus is con- 
ducted by Linnaeus in a peculiarly elegant 
and instructive manner, being an attempt to 
combine, in some degree, natural and civil 
history, by attaching the memory of some il- 
lustrious antient name to an insect of a cer- 
tain particular cast. 
The first Linnaean division consists of the 
equites, distinguished by the shape of their 
upper wings, which are longer, if measured 
from their hinder angle to th?ir anterior ex- 
tremity, than from the same point to the 
base. Some of this division have filiform or 
sharpened antenna’, in which particular they 
resemble moths, but may generally be very 
clearly distinguished by their habit or gene- 
ral shape. The equites are either Trees (or 
Trojans), distinguished by having red or blood- 
coloured spots or patches on each side their 
353 
breasts; or Achivi, Greeks, without red marks 
on the breast, of gayer colours in genera 
than the former, and often having an eye- 
shaped spot at the inner corner of ;he lower 
wings. 
The next division consists of the Heliconii. 
These are distinguished by the narrowness of 
their wings, which are also, in general, of a 
more transparent appearance than in the 
other divisions; tlleir upper wings are also 
generally much more oblong than the lower, 
which are short in proportion. 
The third division consists of the Danai, 
(from the sons and daughters of Danaus.) 
r l hey are divided into danai candidi, or those 
in which the ground-colour of the wings is 
generally white ; and the danai festivi, in which 
the ground-colour is never white, and in 
which a greater variety of colour occurs than 
in the candidi. The wings of the danai are 
of a somewhat rounder shape than those of 
the heliconii, or less stretched out. 
The fourth section consists of the nymph- 
ales, and is distinguished by the edges of the 
wings being scolloped or indented : it is sub- 
divided into the nymphales geinmati, in 
which eye- shaped spots are seen either on 
all the wings, or on the upper or lower pair 
only ; and into the nymphales phalerati, in 
which no ocellated spots are visible on the 
wings, but, in general, a great variety of co- 
lours. 
The fifth section contains the plebeii. 
These are, in general, smaller than the pre- 
ceding kinds of butterflies : and are subdivid- 
ed into plebeii urbicolae, or those in which 
the wings are marked by semitransparent 
spots ; and plebeii rurales, in which the spots 
or patches have no transparency. 
The larva? of butterflies are universally and 
emphatically known by the name of caterpil- 
lars, and are extremely various in their forms 
and colours, some being smooth, others beset 
with simple or ramified spines, &: c. and some, 
especially those belonging to the division 
equites, are observed to protrude from their 
front, when disturbed, a pair of short tenta- 
cula or feelers, somewhat analogous to those 
of a snail. 
The papilionaceous insects in general, soon 
after their enlargement from the chrysalis, 
and commonly during their first flight, dis- 
charge some drops of a red-coloured fluid, 
more or less intense in different species. This 
circumstance, exclusive of its. analogy to the 
same process of nature in other animals, is 
peculiarly worthy of attention from the ex- 
planation which it affords of a phenomenon 
sometimes considered, both in antient and 
modern times, in the light of a prodigy ; 
viz. the descent of red drops from the air ; 
which has been called a shower of blood: aa 
event recorded by several writers among the 
prodigies which took place after the death of 
the great dictator. 
Among the equites troes, the papilio pri- 
amus should take the lead, not only from the 
corresponding dignity of the name*, but from 
the exquisite appearance ofthe animal itself, 
which Linnaeus considered as the most beau- 
tiful ofthe whole papilionaceous tiibe. 
This admirable species measures more than 
six inches from wing’s end to wing’s end: the 
upper wings are velvet-black, with a broad 
band of the most beautiful grass-green, ami 
I of a satiny lustre, drawn from the shoulder t« 
