354 
PAP 
the tip ; and another on the lower part of the 
wing, following the shape of that part, and of 
a somewhat undulating appearance as it ap- 
proaches the tip : the lower wings are of the 
same green colour, edged with velvet-black, 
and marked by four spots of that colour : 
vvhde at the upper part of each, or at the 
part where the upper wings lap over, is a 
squarish orange-coloured spot : the thorax is 
biack, with sprinklings of lucid green in the 
middle, and the abdomen is of a bright ycl 
low, or gold-colour. On the under side of 
tn.e anim.il the distribution of colours is some- 
what different, the green being disposed in 
central patches on the upper wings, and the 
lower being marked by more numerous black 
as well as orange spots. The red or bloody 
spots on each side the thorax are not always 
to be seen on this the 1 rojan monarch. The 
papiko priamus is a very rare insect, and is a 
native of the Island of Amboyna. 
P. hector is very happily named, being of 
a deep or velvet-black colour, with the lower 
wings marked by numerous blood-red spots: 
the thorax is red on each side, and the upper 
wings have a pair of obscure, broken, whit- 
ish;, transverse clouds or bars. It is a native 
of the East Indies. See Plate Nat. Hist, 
tig. 313. 
Among the equites achivi, the P. mene- 
laus may be considered as one of the most 
splendidly beautiful of the butterfly tribe. Its 
size is large, measuring, when expanded, 
about six inches; and its colour is the most 
brilliant silver-blue that imagination can con- 
ceive : changing, according to the variation 
of the light, into a deeper blue, and in some 
lights to a greenish cast: on the under side it 
is entirely brown, with numerous deeper and 
lighter undulations, and three large oce'llated 
spots on each wing. It is a native of South 
America. 
The P. machaon is an insect of great beau- 
ty, and may be considered as the only Brit- 
ish species of papilio belonging to the tribe of 
equites.* It is commonly known among the 
English collectors by the title of the swallow- 
tailed butterfly, and is of a beautiful yellow, 
with black spots or patches along the upper 
edge of the superior wings: all the wings are 
bordered with a deep edging of black, deco- 
rated by a double row of crescent-shaped 
spots, of which the upper row is blue, and the 
lower yellow : the under wings are tailed, 
and are marked at the inner angle or tip with 
a round red spot bordered with blue and 
black. The caterpillar of this species feeds 
principally on fennel and other umbelliferous 
plants, and is sometimes found on rue. It is 
of a green colour, encircled with numerous 
black bands spotted with red, and is furnished 
©n the top of the head with a pair of short 
tentacula of a red colour, which it occasion- 
ally protrudes from that part. In the month 
of July it changes into a yellowish-grey an- 
gular chrysalis, affixed to some convenient 
part of the plant, or other neighbouring sub- 
stance, and from this chrysalis hi the month 
of August proceeds the complete insect. 
Of the division called heliconii the beauti- 
ful insect the papilio apolio is an example. 
It is a native of many parts of Europe, but has 
not yet been observed in our own country. 
* Unless we admit the papilio podalirius 
to be a British species also. 
PAP 
and is somewhat larger than the common 
great cabbage-butterily ; of a white colour, 
with a slight semitransparency towards the 
tips of the wings, which are decorated with 
velvet-black spots; and on each of the lower 
wings are two most beautiful ocellated spots, 
consisting of a carmine-coloured circle with a 
white centre and black exterior border. 
Of the division entitled danai candidi, the 
common large white butterfly, -or F. brassica, 
is a familiar example; this insect is too well 
known to require particular description, and 
it may be only necessary to remind the read- 
er that it proceeds from a yellowish caterpil- 
lar, freckled with blueish and biack spots, and 
which changes during the autumn into a yel- 
lowish-grey chrysalis, affixed in a perpendicu- 
lar direction to some wall, tree, or other ob- 
ject, some filaments being drawn across the 
thorax in order the more conveniently to 
secure its position. The fly appears in May 
and June, and is seen through all the sum- 
mer. 
Of the danai festivi the P. midamus may 
serve as an example; an elegant Asiatic spee- 
ches, of a black colour, with a varying blue 
lustre towards the tips of the upper wings, 
which are marked by many white spots, 
while the lower pair are streaked longitudi- 
nally with numerous white lines, and edged 
with a row of white specks. 
Among the nymphales gemmati few can 
exceed in elegance the P. io, or peacock 
butterfly, a species by no means uncommon 
in our own country: the ground-colour of 
this insect is orange-brown, with black bars 
separated by yellow intermediate spaces on 
the upper edge of the superior wings, while 
at the tip ot each is a most beautiful large 
eye-shaped spot, formed by a combination of 
black, brown, and blue, with the addition of 
whitish specks: on each of the lower wings is 
a still larger eye-shaped spot, consisting of a 
black central patch, varied with blue, and 
surrounded by a zone of pale brown, which 
is itself deeply bordered with black: all the 
wings are scolloped or denticulated. The 
caterpillar is black, with numerous white 
spots, and black ramified spines.: it feeds 
principally on the nettle, changing to cry- 
salis in July, and the fly appearing in Au- 
gust. 
F. jurtina is a species equally common, 
though far less beautiful. It is chiefly ob- 
served in meadows, and is of a brown colour, 
the upper wings having a much brighter or 
orange-ferruginous bar towards the tips, with 
a small, black, eye-shaped spot with a white 
centre: on the opposite or under side of the 
insect the same distribution of colours takes 
place. 
Of the nymphales phalerati, few can sur- 
pass tiie common English species called F. 
atalanta, or the admirable butterfly: it is of 
the most intense velvet-black colour, v'ith a 
rich carmine-coloured bar across the upper 
wings, which are spotted towards the tips 
with white; while the lower wings are black, 
with a deep border of carmine colour marked 
by a row of small black spots: the under sur- 
face of the wings also presents a most beautiful 
mixture of colours: the caterpillar is brown 
and spiny, feeds on nettles, and changes into 
a chrysalis in July, the fly appearing in Au- 
gust. 
Of the last division, termed plebeii, mav 
be adduced as an example a small English 
11 
PAR 
butterfly called P. malvse, of a Blackish or 
brown colour, with numerous whitish and 
semitransparent spots. It belongs to the 
plebeii urbicolae. 
1 o this division also belongs a very beauti- 
tul exotic species, a native ot India, and of a 
most exquisite lucid blue colour, edged with 
black, and farther ornamented bv having each 
of the lower wings tipped with two narrow 
black tail-shaped processes. It is the F, 
marsyas of Linnaeus. See Plate Nat. Hist' 
tigs. 311 and 313. 
PAPISTS, persons professing the popish 
religion. By several statutes, if any English 
pi iest of the church of Rome, born in the do- 
minions of the crown of England, came to 
England from beyond the seas, or tarried in 
England three days without conforming to 
the church, he was guilty of high treason ; 
and they also incurred the guilt of high trea- 
son who were reconciled to the see of Rome, 
or procured others to be reconciled to it. By 
these laws also, papists were disabled from 
giving their children any education in their 
own religion. If they educated their chil- 
dren at home, for maintaining the schoolmas- 
ter, if he did not repair to church, or was not 
allowed by the bishop of the diocese, they 
were liable to forfeit 10/. a month, and the 
schoolmaster was liable to the forfeiture of 
40.?. a day: if they sent their children for 
education abroad, they were liable to forfeit 
100/. and the children so sent were incapable 
of inheriting, purchasing, or enjoying, any 
lands, profits, goods, debts, legacies’, or sums 
of money: saying mass was punishable bv a 
forfeiture of 200 marks; and hearing it by a 
forfeiture of 100 /. 
But during the present reign the Roman 
Catholics have been in a great measure re- 
lieved from the restrictions formerly imposed 
on them. See 13 Geo. III. c. 60; and 31 
Geo. III. c. 22. 
PAPOPHORUM, a genus of the class 
and order triandria digynia. The calyx is 
two-valved, two-flowerecl; corolla two-valv- 
ed, many-awned. There is one species, a 
grass of America. 
PAPPUS, dozen. See Botany. 
PAR, in commerce. See Exchange. 
PARABOLA, in geometry, a figure aris- 
ing hom the section of a cone, when cut by 
a plane parallel to one of its sides. See Co- 
nic Sections. 
PARABOLIC CONOID, in geometry 
a solid generated by the rotation of a para- 
bola about its axis : its solidity is — f of that 
of its circumscribing cylinder.* 
The circles conceis’ed to be the elements 
ot this figure, are in arithmetical proportion 
decreasing towards the vertex. 
A parabolic conoid is to a cylinder of the 
same base and height, as 1 to 2 ; and to a 
cone of the same base and height, as If to 1. 
See Gauging. 
1 arabolic Space, the area contained 
between any entire ordinate and the curve of 
the incumbent parabola. 
The parabolic space is to the rectangle of 
the semi-ordinate into the absciss, as 2 to 3 • 
to a triangle inscribed on the ordinate as a 
base, it is as 4 to 3. 
PAR ABOLO IDES, a name given to pa- 
rabolas of the higher kind, which are alge- 
braic curves. 
PARACENTRIC MOTION, in astro- 
