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florets behind it ; the intermediate female 
superior; the seed is naked. There are two 
•species. 
This plant has been much neglected in 
Europe, having, on account of its smell, been 
banished from our parterres. It is therefore 
indebted for its culture to the distinguished 
rank it holds among the Chinese tlowers. 
The skill of their florists, and their continual 
care, have brought it to so great perfection, 
that Europeans scarcely know it. They 
have, by their attention to its culture, pro- 
cured more than 300 varieties of it, and every 
year produces a new one. 
PARTI, Partie, Party, or Parted, in 
heraldry, is applied to a shield or escutcheon, 
denoting it divided or marked out into parti- 
tions. See Heraldry. 
PARTICIPLE, in grammar, an adjective 
formed of a verb, so called because it parti- 
cipates partly of the properties of a noun, 
and partly of those of a verb. 
PARTICLE, in grammar, a denomination 
for all those small words that tie or unite 
others together, or that express the modes 
or manners of words. 
PARTIES, in law, signify the persons that 
■are named in a deed or fine, viz. those that 
made the deed, or levied the fine, and also 
those to whom the same was made or levied. 
Here it is to be observed, that if an indenture 
was made between two parties, mentioned 
particularly in the beginning of the deed, 
and therein one of them grants to another 
that is not named ,at the beginning thereof, 
such person is no party to that deed, nor can 
take any thing thereby. The parties to a 
suit at law are the plaintiff and defendant, 
who carry on the suit. 
PARTITION, in law, signifies a division 
of lands, &c. descended by common law or 
custom among coheirs or parceners, being 
two at least. Partition may also be made 
by joint tenants, and tenants in common, by 
assent, deed, or writ. 
PARTNER If there are several joint 
partners, and a person has dealings generally 
with one of them in matters concerning their 
joint trade, whereby a debt becomes due to 
the said person, it shall charge them jointly 
and the survivors of them; but if the person 
only dealt with one of the partners upon a 
separate account, in that case the debt shall 
only affect that partner and his executors. 
If one or more of the joint traders become 
bankrupt, his or their proportions are only 
assignable by the commissioners, to be held 
in common with the rest who are not bank- 
rupts. If one of two partners becomes a 
bankrupt, the commissioners cannot meddle 
with the interest of the other, for it is not 
affected with the bankruptcy of his com- 
panion. Payment to one of ‘the partners, is 
payment to them all. 
PARTRIDGE, in ornithology See Te- 
TRAO. 
PARES, or Titmouse, in ornithology, a 
genus belonging to the order of passeres. 
Tire bill is very entire, covered at tire basis 
with hairs ; the tongue is truncated and hairv. 
There are 14 species, of which the most re- 
markable are: 
1. The cristatus, or crested titmouse, 
weighs 13 pennyweights; the bill is black, 
with a spot of the same colour above it ; all 
-the upper part of the body grey ; the neck 
and under parts are white, with a faint tinc- 
ture oi red, which is deepest just below the 
wings, the legs are of a lead-colour. It 
erects its crown feathers into a crest. It in- 
habits the warm parts of North America, 
and frequents forest-trees, feeding upon in- 
sects. 
2. The major, or great titmouse, has the 
heac, and throat black, the cheeks white, the 
back of a green colour, the belly yellowish- 
giecn, divided in the middle by a bed ot 
black, which extends to the vent; the rump 
of a b ueish-grey, the legs of a lead-colour, 
tiie toes divided to the very origin, and the 
back toe very large and strong, d his species 
sometimes visits our gardens ; but for the 
most part inhabits woods, where it builds in 
hoilovr trees, laying about ten eggs. It feeds 
on insects, which it iinds in the bark of trees. 
In the spring they do a great deal of mischief 
by picking off the tender buds of the fruit 
trees. Like woodpeckers, they are perpe- 
tually running up and down tiie bodies of 
tiees in quest of load. r i his bird lias three 
cheerful notes, which it begins to utter in the 
month of February. 
o. I in; cuudatus, or long-tailed titmouse, is 
about five inches and a quarter in length, and 
seven inches in breadth. The bill is black, 
veiy thick and convex, differing from all 
others of this genus. The top of the head, 
from the bill to the hind part, is white, mixed 
with a few dark-grey feathers: this bed of 
white is entirely surrounded with a broad 
stioke of black, which, rising on each side of 
tiie upper mandible, passes over each eye, 
unites at the hind part of the head, and con- 
tinues along the middle of the back to the 
rump. 4 he feathers on each side of this 
black stroke are of a purplish red, as are those 
immediately incumbent on the tail. The tail 
is the longest in proportion to the bulk of any 
British bird, being in length three inches, the 
lorm not unlike that of a magpie, consisting of 
12 feathers of unequal lengths, the middle- 
most (he longest, those on each side growing 
gradually shorter. These birds are often 
seen passing through our gardens, going from 
one tree to another, as if in their road to 
some other place, never making anv halt. 
1 hey make their nests with great elegance, 
of an oval shape, and about eight inches 
deep, having near the upper end a hole for 
admission. I he external materials are mosses 
and lichens curiously interwoven with wool. 
On the inside it is very warmly lined with a 
thick bed of feathers. The female lays from 
10 to 17 eggs. The young follow their pa- 
i ents the whole winter, and from (he slimness 
of their bodies and great length of tail, appear 
while flying like as many darts cutting the 
air. 
4. I he reiniz, or small species of titmouse. 
It is called parus pendulinus, and is often 
found in Lithuania. Mr. Coxe, in his Tra- 
vels through Poland, gives the following ac- 
count of tins little animal. “ The wondrous 
structure of its pendant nest induced me to 
give an engraving of both that and the birds 
themselves. They are of the smallest spe- 
cies of titmice. The bead is of a very pale 
bluish ash-colour ; the forepart of the neck 
and the breast tinged with red; the belly 
white ; wings black, back and rump of 
a yellowish rust-colour; quill feathers cine- 
reous, witli the exterior sides white ; the tail 
rust-coloured. I he male is singularly distin- 
guished from the female by a pair of black- 
pointed whiskers. Its nest is in the shape of 
a long purse, which it forms with amazing 
art, by interweaving down, gossamer, and 
minute fibres, in a close and compact man- 
ner, and then lining the inside with down 
alone, so as to make a snug and warm lodge 
for its young brood. Tire entrance is at the 
side, small, and round, with its edge more 
strongly marked than the rest of this curious 
fabric : the bird, attentive to the preserva- 
tion of its eggs or little ones from noxious 
animals, suspends it at the lesser end to the 
extremity of the slender twigs of a willow or 
some other tree over a river. Contrary to 
the custom of titmice, it lays only four or 
five eggs: possibly Providence hath' ordained 
this scantiness of eggs to the remiz, because, 
by tire singular instinct imparted to it, it is 
enabled to secure its young much more ef- 
fectually from destruction than the other spe- 
cies, which are very prolific.” 
5. Macrocephalus, inhabits New Zealand, 
See Plate Nat. Hist. lig. 314. 
PASPALUM, a genus of the triandria 
digynia class and order. The calyx is two- 
valved, orbicular; corolla of the same size; 
stigma pencilled. I here are 15 species, all 
foreign grasses. 
PASQUIN, a mutilated statue at Rome, 
in a corner ot the palace of the b rsini : it 
lakes its name from a cobier of that city call- 
ed Pasquin, famous for his sneers and gibes, 
and who diverted himself with passing his 
jokes on all the people who went through that 
street. After his death, as they were digging 
up the pavement before iris shop, they found 
in the earth the statue of an antient gladiator, 
well cut, but maimed, and half-spoiled : this 
they set up in the place where it was found, 
and by common consent named it Pasquin. 
Since that time all satires are attributed to 
that figure, and are either put into its mouth 
o' pasted upon it, as it they were written by 
Pasquin redivivus ; and these are addressee! 
by Pasquin to Marforio, another statue at 
Rome. W hen Marforio is attacked, Pasquin 
comes to his assistance, and when Pasquin is 
attacked, Marforio assists him in his turn. 
PASS, a sti aight, difficult, and narrow 
passage, which shuts up the entrance into a 
country. I he first care of the general of an 
army is to seize the passes of the country 
into which he would carry the war, to fortify 
tlrt m, and take care that they are well 
guarded, 
PASSAGE, orPASso, any phrase or short 
pent ion ot any air, or other composition. 
Every member ot a strain or movement is a 
passage. 
Passage, birds of. See Migration. 
PASSAGIO (Italian), a succession of sounds 
so connected in their melody and expression, 
as to form a member or phrase in the com- 
position. 
PASSANT. See Heraldry. 
PASSERINA, in botany, a genus of the 
octandria monogynia class of plants, the 
llpwei of which is composed of a single petal, 
divided into four oval segments at the limb ; 
tire fiuit is a coriaceous capsule, ot an oval 
shape, with only one cell, and containing a 
single oval seed. There are 19 species. 
PASS' (FLORA, or Passion -flower, a 
genus of the pentandria order, in the gynan- 
dria class of plants, and in the natural method 
