PAS 
PAT 
P A V 
ranking tinder the 34th order, eucurb'tacete. 
The-. calyx is pentaphyllous ; there are live 
petals; the nectarium a crown; the berry is 
pedicellated. There are 36 different species, 
ail ot them natives of warm foreign countries, 
only one of which is sufficiently hardy to suc- 
ceed weil in the open ground here; all the 
others requiring the shelter of a greenhouse 
or stove, but chiefly the latter. The most re- 
markable are : 
1. The caerulea, or blue-rayed common 
palmated passion-flower, with large spreading 
flowers, with whitish-green petals, and a blue 
radiated nectarium; succeeded by a large, 
oval, yellowish fruit. It is in flower from 
July until October; but the flowers are only 
ot one day’s duration, generally opening 
about 11 or 12 o’clock, and frequently in hot 
sunny weather burst open with elasticity, and 
continue fully expanded all that day; and the 
next they gradually close, assuming a decay- 
ed appearance, and never open any more. 
2. The incarnala, or flesh-coloured Italian 
passion-flower, has leaves composed of three 
sawed lobes, each leaf attended by a twining 
tendril; and at theaxillas long slender pedun- 
culi, terminated each by one whitish flower, 
having a -greenish calyx, and a reddish or 
purple radiated nectarium, surrounding the 
column of the fructification ; which succeed 
to a large, round, fleshy fruit, ripening to a 
beautiful orange-colour. 
3. The vespertilio, or bat’s-wing passion- 
flower, lias large, bilobate, or two-lobed 
leaves, the base roundish and glandular, the 
lobes acute, widely divaricated like a bat’s 
wing, and dotted underneath; and axillary 
flowers, having white petals and rays. 
4. Passitlpra alata, one of the finest orna- 
ments of our stoves. 
As all the species are natives of warm 
climates, in this country they are mostly of 
a tender quality, except the first sort, which 
succeeds very well in the full ground, in a 
warm situation ; only their young branches 
are sometimes killed in very severe winters; 
but plenty of new ones generally rise again in 
spring following; the others, denominated 
stove kinds, must always be retaiped in that 
repository. 
PASSIONS, in painting: the passions are 
properly considered as subjects of painting, 
because being capable of representation by 
lines and colours, they fall within the pro- 
vince of that art, whose office it is to deli- 
neate all objects which can be expressed by 
those means. To represent the passions 
justly and fully, is however the utmost reach 
of the imitative art. The nicest accuracy is 
requisite, and the smallest deviation is fre- 
quently destructive of the whole effect in- 
tended to he produced. 
Le Brun, a celebrated French painter, pub- 
lished a collection of heads, in which he gave 
examples of the appearances produced in the 
countenance by each distinct passion. But 
these examples are for the most part over- 
charged and gross. The student will find a 
much surer guide in the late publication of 
il The Anatomy of Painting,” by Charles 
Bell, where the rules for delineating the pas- 
sions are laid down with precision, by a fair 
demonstration of physical effects. 
PASSPOR T, or Pass, a licence or writ- 
ing obtained from a prince or governor, 
granting liberty and safe conduct to pass 
through his territories without molestation. 
V OL, II. 
Passport also signifies a licence obtained for 
importing contraband goods, or for export- 
ing and importing merchandise without pav- 
ing the duties ; these last licences are al- 
ways given to ambassadors and other public 
ministers for their baggage, equipage, &c. 
If dny person forges or coimterfeitsa passport, 
commonly called a Mediterranean pass, for 
any ship, or shall alter or erase any pass made 
out by the commissioners for executing the 
office of lord high admiral, or shall publish 
as true any forged, altered, or erased pass, 
knowing the same to be forged, &c. every 
such person being convicted in any part of 
his majesty’s dominions where such ofience 
may be committed, shall be guilty of felony 
without benefit of clergy, by 4 Geo. II. cap. 
18. sect. 1. 
PASTE, in the glass trade, a kind of co- 
loured glass, made of calcined crystal, lead, 
and metallic preparations, so as to imitate the 
natural gems : for the manner of effecting 
which see Glass. 
PAS I EBOARD. See Paper. 
PASTINACA, the parsnip, a genus of 
the digynia order, in the pentandria class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 43th order, umbellatx. The fruit 
is an elliptical compressed plane; the petals 
are involuted and entire. There are only 
three species of this genus, the principal of 
which is the pastinaca sativa, or garden pars- 
nip, which is an exceedingly fine esculent 
root. It is to be propagated by sowing the 
seeds in February or March, in a rich mel- 
low soil, which must be deep dug, that the 
roots may be able to run deep without hin- 
drance. It is a common practice to sow car- 
rots at the same time upon the same ground 
with the parsnips ; and if the carrots are de- 
signed to be drawn young there is no harm 
in it. The parsnips, when they are grown 
up a little, must he thinned to a foot dis- 
tance, and carefully kept clear of weeds. 
They are finest tasted just at the season when 
the feaves are decayed ; and such as are de- 
sirous to eat them in spring should have them 
taken up in autumn, and preserved in sand. 
They are useful for cattle. 
PATEE, orPATTEE, in heraldry, a cross 
small in the centre, and widening to the ex- 
tremes, which are very broad. 
PATELLA. See Anatomy. 
PATELLA, or Limpet, a genus of insects 
belonging to the order vermes testacea. The 
shells are of that class which is called uni- 
valves ; they have no contour, and are in the 
form of little pointed cones. They are al- 
ways attached to some hard body.. Their 
summit is sometimes acute, sometimes ob- 
tuse, flatted, turned back, or perforated. 
The rock, or other hard body, to which they 
are always found adhering, serves as a kind 
of second or under shell to preserve them 
from injury ; and for this reason Aldrovandus 
and Rondelet have classed them among the 
bivalves; but in this error they have not 
been followed by any other writer. The 
shells consist of carbonat of lime. But when 
exposed to a red-heat, they emit a smell 
like horn ; and when dissolved in acids, a se- 
mi-liquid gelatinous matter was left behind. 
There are 3§ species of this genus, which are 
principally distinguished by peculiarities in 
their shells. See Plate Nat. Hist. tig. 3 1 7. 
PA TENT, in general, denotes something 
2 z 
36l 
that stands open or expanded: thus a leaf 
is said to be patent when it stands almost at 
right angles with the stalk. 
Patent, or letters paten', are writings 
sealed with the great seal of England, by 
which a man is authorized to do, or to enjoy, 
any thing, which of himselt he could not do. 
1 hey are called so by reason of their form; 
as being open, with their' seal affixed, ready 
to be exhibited for the confirmation of the 
authority .delegated by them. 
PA1IIOLOGT, that part of medicine 
which explains the symptoms of diseases. 
PATRON, in the canon and common 
law, is a person, who having the advowson of 
a parsonage, vicarage, or the like spiritual 
promotion, belonging to his manor, has, on 
that account, the girt and disposition of the 
benefice, and may present to it whenever it 
becomes vacant. 'T he patron’s right of dis- 
posing ot a benefice originally arises either 
from the patron or his ancestors, &c. being 
the founders or builders of the church; from 
their having given lauds for the maintenance 
thereof ; or from the church’s being built oil 
their ground; and frequently from all three 
together. See Advowson. 
PA\ EMENT. See Paving. 
PA\ E ETA, in botany, a genus of the te- 
trandria monogynia class’of plants, with a mo- 
nopetalous funnel-fashioned flower, and a 
monospermous berry. There are seven spe- 
cies, shrubs, natives of Africa, China, and the 
West Indies. 
PAVILION. See Architecture. 
Pavilion, in heraldry, denotes a covering 
in form of a tent, which invests or wraps up 
the armories of divers kings and sovereigns, 
depending only on God and their sword. 
PAVING, the construction of ground- 
floors, streets, or highways, in such a manner 
that they may be conveniently walked upon. 
In Britain the pavement of the grand streets, 
&c. is usually of flint or rubblestone ; courts^ 
stables, kitchens, halls, churches, &c. are 
paved with tiles, bricks, flags, or firestone ; 
sometimes with a kind of freestone and raw- 
stone. In some streets, as of Venice, the 
pavement is of brick : churches are some- 
times paved with marble, and sometimes with 
mosaic work, as the church of St. Mark at 
Venice. In France the public roads, streets 
courts, & c. are all paved with gres or grit, 
a kind of freestone. In Amsterdam, and the 
chief cities of Holland, they call their brick 
pavement the burgomasters’ pavement, to 
distinguish it from the stone or flint pave- 
ment, which usually takes up the middle of 
the street, and which serves for carriages ; the 
brick which borders it being destined for tht 
passage of people on foot. 
Pavements of freestone, flint, and 'flaws, i >5 
streets, &c. are laid dry, that is, in a bed of 
sand; those of courts, stables, ground-rooms, 
&c. are laid in a mortar of lime and sand, or 
in lime and cement, especially if there are 
vaults or cellars underneath. Stonemasons, 
after laying a floor dry, especially of brick, 
spread a thin mortar over it ; sweeping it 
backwards and forwards to Till up the joints. 
The several kinds of pavement are as va- 
rious as the materials of which they are com- 
posed, and whence they derive the name by 
which they are distinguished : as, 
1. Pebble-paving, which is. done \vi ih 
