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tones collected from the sea-beach, mostly 
brought from the islands of Guernsey and Jer- 
sey : they are very durable, indeed the most 
so of any stone used for this purpose. 1 hey 
are used of various sizes ; but those which are 
from six to nine inches deep are esteemed 
the most serviceable. When they are about 
three inches deep they are denominated 
holders or bowlers : these are used for pav- 
ing court-yards, and other places not accus- 
tomed to receive carriages with heavy weights ; 
and when laid in geometrical figures they 
have a very pleasing appearance. 
2. Rag-paving was much used in London, 
but is very inferior to the pebbles ; it is dug 
in the vicinity of Maidstone in Kent, from 
which it has the name of Kentish ragstone : 
there are squared stones of this material for 
paving coach-tracks and footways. 
3. Purbeck pitchens, squared stones used 
in footways : they are brought from the island 
&f Purbeck, and also frequently used in court- 
yards ; they are in general from six to ten 
inches square, and about live inches deep. 
4. Squared paving, for distinction by some 
called Scotch paving, because the first of the 
kind paved in the manner that has been and 
continues to be paved came from Scotland ; 
the first was a clear close stone, called blue 
whynn, which is now disused because it has 
been found inferior to others since introduced 
in the order they are hereafter placed. 
5. Granite, a hard material, brought also 
from Scotland, of a reddish colour, very su- 
perior to the blue whynn quarry, and at pre- 
sent very commonly used in London. 
6. Guernsey, which is the best, and very 
much in use :* it is the same stone with the 
pebble before spoken of, but broken with 
iron hammers, and squared to any dimen- 
sions required, of a prismoidal figure, set with 
its smallest base downwards. The whole of 
•the foregoing paving should be bedded and 
paved in small gravel. 
7. Purbeck paving, for footways, is in ge- 
neral got in large surfaces about two inches 
and a half thick ; the blue sort is the hardest 
and the best of this kind of paving. 
8. Yorkshire paving, is an exceeding good 
material for the same purpose ; and is got of 
almost any dimensions of the same thickness 
as the Purbeck. This stone will not admit 
wet to pass through it, nor is it affected by 
the frost. 
y. Ryegate, or firestone paving, is used 
for hearths, stoves, ovens, and such places as 
are liable to great heat, which does not affect 
the stone if kept dry. 
10. Newcastle flags, are stones about two 
feet square, and one inch and a half or two 
inches thick : they answer very well for pav- 
ing out-offices; they are somewhat like the 
Yorkshire. 
11. Portland pacing, with stone from the 
island of Portland : this is sometimes orna- 
mented with black marble dots. 
12. Swedland paving, is a black slate dug 
in Leicestershire, and looks well for paving 
halls, or in party-coloured paving. 
13. Marble paving, . is mostly variegated 
with different marbles, sometimes inlaid in 
mosaic. ..... 
14. Flat brick paving, done with brick 
laid in sand, mortar, or groute ; as when li- 
quid lime is poured into the joints. 
15. Brick-on- edge paving, done with brick 
laid edgewise in the same manner. Bricks 
are also laid flat or edgewise in herring-bone. 
Bricks are also sometimes set endwise in 
sand, mortar, or groute. Paving is also per- 
formed w ith paving bricks ; ten-inch tiles ; 
foot tiles; clinkers for stables and outer-of- 
fices ; and even with the bones of animals, 
for gardens, &c. 
Pavements of churches, S:c.. frequently 
consist of stones of several colours; chiefly 
black and white, and of several forms, but 
chiefly squares and lozenges, artfully dis- 
posed. Indeed there needs no great variety 
of colours to make a surprising diversity of 
figures and arrangements. M. Truchet, in 
the Memoirs of the French Academy, has 
shewn by the rules of combination, that two 
square stones, divided diagonally into two 
colours, may he joined together chequerwise 
64 different ways : which appears surprising 
enough, since two letters or figures can only 
be combined two ways. 
The reason is, that letters only change their 
situation with regard to the iirst and second, 
the top and bottom remaining the same ; 
but in the arrangement of these stones each 
admits of four several situations, in each 
whereof the other square may be changed 16 
times, which gives 64 combinations. 
Indeed, from a farther examination of these 
64 combinations, he found there w r ere only 
32 different figures, each figure being re- 
peated twice in the same situation, though 
in a different combination ; so that the two 
differed from each other only by the trans- 
position of the dark and light parts. 
PAU LILIANS, Christians of the seventh 
century, disciples of one Constantine, a na- 
tive of Armenia, and a favourer of the errors 
of Manes ; who, as the name Manichees was 
become odious to all nations, gave those of 
his sect the title of Paulicians, on pretence 
that they followed only the doctrine of St. 
Paul. 
PAULINIA, a genus of the trigynia or- 
der, in the octandria class of plants, and in 
the natural method ranking under the 23d 
order, trihilatie. Its characters are these : 
the flower has a permanent empalement, 
composed of four small oval leaves; it has 
four oblong oval petals, twice the size of the 
empalement ; and eight short stamina with a 
turbinated germen, having, three short slen- 
der styles, crowned by spreading stigmas ; 
the germen turns to a large three-cornered 
capsule with three cells, each containing one 
almost oval seed. There are 17 species, na- 
tives of the West Indies. 
PAULIONISTS, in church history, Chris- 
tians of the third century, disciples of Paul 
Samosatensis, bishop of Antioch, who denied 
Christ’s divinity, maintaining that when we 
call him the Son of God, we do not thereby 
mean that he is really and truly God ; but 
only that he w>as so perfect a man, and so 
superior in virtue to all others, that he has 
this name given him by way of eminence. 
PAVO, the peacock, in ornithology, a ge- 
nus belonging to the order of gallinae. The 
head is covered with feathers which bend 
backwards ; the feathers of tire tail are very 
long, and beautifully variegated with eyes of 
different colours. Latham enumerates eight 
species. The most remarkable are, 
1. The cristatus, or common peacock, 
which is about the size of a common turkey ; 
the length from the tip of the bill to the end 
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of the fail being three feet eight inches. Ort 
the crown there is a sort of crest, composed 
of 24 feathers, which are not webbed except 
at the ends, which are gilded green. See 
Plate Nat. Hist, flg. 318. The female is 
rather less than the male. 
r l his bird, now so common in Europe, is 
of Eastern origin, being a native of India, 
They are found wild in the islands of Ceylon 
and Java in the East Indies, and at St. He- 
lena, at Barbuda, and other West India 
islands. They are not natural to China ; but 
they are found in many places of Asia and 
Africa. They are, however, no where so 
large or so line as in India, in the neighbour- 
hood of the Ganges, whence, by degrees, 
they have spread into all parts,, increasing in 
a wild state in the warmer climes, but want- 
ing some care in the colder regions. In 
ours this bird does not come to its full plu- 
mage till the third year. The female lays 
live or six greyish white eggs; in hot cli- 
mates 20, the size of those of a turkey. 
These, if let alone, she lays in some secret 
place, at a distance from her usual resort, td 
prevent their being broken oy the male, 
which lie is apt to do if he finds them. The 
time of sitting is from 27 to 30 days. The 
young may be fed with curd, chopped leeks, 
barley • i, & c. moistened; and are fund 
of gu: shoppers and some other insects. In. 
live or six months they will feed as the old 
ones, on wneat and barley, with what else 
they can pick up in the circuit of their con- 
finement. They are caught in India by car- 
rying lights to ‘the trees where they roost, 
and having painted representations of the 
bird presented to them at the same time ; 
when they put out the neck to look at the 
figure, the sportsman slips a noose over the 
head, and secures his game. In most ages 
they have been esteemed as a salutary food. 
Uortensius gave the example at Rome,* where 
it was carried to the highest luxury, and sold 
dear; and a young pea-fowl is thought a 
dainty even in the present times. 
2. The pavo biealcaratus is larger than 
the common pheasant. The feathers on the 
crown of the head are sufficiently long to 
form a crest, of a dull-brown colour. The 
neck is bright brown, striated across with 
dusky brown: the upper parts of the back, 
scapulars, and wing-coverts, are dull-brown, 
dotted with paler brown and yellowish ; be- 
sides which each feather is marked near the 
end with a roundish large spot of a gilded 
purple colour, changing into biue and green 
in different lights; the lower part of the 
back and rump are dotted with white ; all the 
under parts are brown, striated transversely 
with black. The female is a third smaller 
than the male. This species is of Chinese 
origin ; and some of them have been brought 
from China to England alive. 
3. The pavo tibetanus is about the size of 
a pintado, being about two feet and nearly 
two inches long. The head, neck, and un- 
der parts, are ash-coloured, marked with 
blackish lines : the wing-coverts, back, and 
rump, are grey, with small white dots ; be- 
sides which, on the wing-coverts and back 
are large round spots of a line blue, chan- 
ging in different lights to violet and green 
gold. This species inhabits the kingdom of 
Thibet. The Chinese give it the name of 
chin-Lduen-khi. 
