PEN 
PEN 
374 
conds, and goes eight days without winding 
up ; shewing the hour, minute, and second. 
The numbers in such a piece are thus calcu- 
lated : h irst cast up the seconds in twelve 
hours, which are the beats in one turn of the 
great wheel ; and they will be found to be 
43200 = 12 X t)0 x 60. The swing- wheel 
must be 30, to swing 60 seconds in one of 
its revolutions ; now let the half of 43200, 
viz. 21600, be divided by 30, and the quo- 
tient will be 720, which must be separated 
into quotients. The first of these must be 
12, for the great wheel, which moves round 
once in 12 hours. Now 720 divided by 12, 
gives 60 ; which may also be conveniently 
broken into two quotients, as 10 and 6, or 
12 and 5, or 8 and 1\, which last is most 
convenient; and if the pinions are all taken 8, 
the work will stand thus : 
8 ) 96 ( 12 
8 ) 64 ( 8 
8 ) 60 ( 1 \ 
30 
According to this computation, the great 
wheel will go round once in 12 hours, to 
shew the hour ; the next wheel once in an 
hour, to shew the minutes; and the swing- 
wheel once in a minute, to shew the seconds. 
See Clockwork. 
PENEA, in botany, a genus of the mono- 
gynia order, in the tetrandria class of plants; 
and in the natural method ranking with those 
of which the order is doubtful. The calyx 
is diphyllous ; the corolla campanulated ; 
the style quadrangular; the capsule tetrago- 
nal, quadrilocular, and octospermous. 
PENELOPE, a genus of birds of the 
order of gallinre. The characters of which 
are : the beak is bare at the base ; the head 
is covered with feathers; the neck is quite 
bare; the tail consists of twelve principal 
feathers ; and the feet are for the most part 
bare. Linnaeus, in the Systema Naturae, 
enumerates six species: 1. Penelope mele- 
agris satyra, or horned pheasant. Latham 
calls it the horned turk«y. This species is 
larger than a fowl, and smaller than a turkey. 
The colour of the bill is brown ; the nostrils, 
forehead, and space round the eyes are covered 
w'ith slender black hairy feathers ; the top of 
the head is red. Behind each eye there is a 
fleshy callous blue substance like a horn, 
which tends backward. On the forepart of 
the neckand throat there is a loose flap, of a 
line blue colour, marked with orange spots, 
the lower part of which is beset with a few 
hairs ; down the middle it is somewhat looser 
than on the sides, being wrinkled. The 
breast and upper part of the back are of a 
full red colour. The neck and breast are in- 
clined to yeilow ; the other parts of the plu- 
mage and tail are of a rufous brown, marked 
all over with white spots encompassed with 
black. The legs are somewhat white, and 
furnished with a spur behind each. It is a 
native of Bengal. 
2. The penelppemeleagris cristata, is about 
the size of a fowl, being about two feet six 
inches long. The bill is two inches long, and 
of a black colour ; the sides of the head are 
covered with a naked purplish blue skin, in 
which the eyes are placed : beneath the 
throat for an inch and a half, the skin is loose, 
of a flue r.ed colour, and covered only with a 
few hairs. 'Fine top of the head is furnished 
with long feathers, which the bird can erect 
as a crest at pleasure; the general colour of 
the plumage is brownish black, glossed over 
with copper in some lights; but the wing- 
coverts have a greenish and violet gloss. 
1 he}' inhabit Brasil and Guiana, where thev 
are often made tame. They frequentl y make 
a noise not unlike the word jacu. Their 
flesh is much esteemed. 
3. Penelope crux cumanensis* called by 
Latham, &c. yacou. It is bigger than a 
common fowl. The bill is .black; the head 
feathers are long, pointed, and form a crest, 
which can be erected at pleasure, it has a 
naked membrane, or kind of wattle, of a dull 
black colour. 1 he blue skin comes forward 
on the bill, but is not liable to change colour 
like that of the turkey. The plumage has 
not much variation; it is chiefly brown, with 
some white markings on the neck, breast, 
wing-coverts, and belly. This species in- 
habits Cayenne, but is a very rare bird, being 
met with only in the inner parts, or about 
the Amazons’ country. Those seen at Cay- 
enne are mostly tame ones, tor it is a familiar 
bird, and will breed in that state, and mix 
with other poultry. It makes the nest on the 
ground, and hatches the young there, but is 
at other times mostly seen on trees. It re- 
quently erects the crest, when pleased, or 
taken notice of, and likewise spreads the tail 
upright like a fan, in the manner of the 
turkey. 
4. r \ he pipile, or as it is called, crax pipile, 
is black in the belly, and the back brown 
stained with black. ' The flesh on the neck 
is of a green colour. It is about the b guess 
ot the former, and has a hissing noise. The 
head is partly black and partly white, and is 
adorned v ith a short crest. '1 he space about 
the eyes, which are black, is white ; the feet 
are red. It inhabits Guiana. 
5. The marail is about the size of a fowl, 
and shaped somewhat like it. The space 
round the eyes is bare, and of a .pale red; 
the chin, throat, and forepart of the neck, are 
scarcely covered with feathers ; but the throat 
itself is bare, and the membrane elongated 
to half an inch or more ; both this and the 
skin round the eyes change colour, and be- 
come deeper and thicker, when the bird is 
irritated. I he head feathers are Iongish, 
so as to appear like a crest when raised up, 
which the bird often does when agitated; at 
which time it also erects those ot" the whole 
body, and so disfigures its If as to be scarcely 
known : the general colour of the plumage is a 
greenish black. This species is common in the 
woods of Guiana, at a distance from the sea. 
Fhe female makes her nest on some low 
bushy tree, as near the trunk as possible, 
and lays three or four eggs. When the 
young are hatched, they descend with the 
mother after ten or twelve days. The 
mother acts as other fowls, scratching on the 
ground like a lien, and brooding the young, 
which quit their nurse the moment thev can 
shift for themselves. They have two broods 
ni a year; one in December or January, the 
other in May or June. The best time of 
finding these birds is morning or evening, 
being Then met with on such. trees whose fruit 
they feed on, and are discovered by some 
of h falling to the ground The young birds 
are easily tamed, and seldom forsake ihe 
places where they have been brought up ; 
PEN 
i they need not be housed as they prefer tho 
roosting on tall trees to any oilier place. 
Their flesh is much esteemed. 
6- The vociferating p -neiope. The bill 
01 this bird is of a greenish colour : the back 
is brown, the breast green, and the belly of a 
whitish brown. Latham calls it the crying 
curassovv. It is about the bigness of a crow. 
PENGUIN, in ornithology. See Alca. 
PENNAN FIC, a genus of the poly- 
gamia dioecia class and order. There is no 
calyx; the corolla is live-petalled ; stamina 
five: . perianthum three-sided, two-celled. 
There is one species, a herb of New Zea- 
land. 
PENNATULA, or Sea-pen, a genus of 
zoophyte, which/ though it swims about 
freely in the sea, approaches near to the ger- 
gonia. r I his genus has a hone along the mid- 
dle of the inside, which is its chief support ; 
anti this bone receives the supply of its osseous 
matter by the same polype-mouths that fur- 
nish it with nourishment. Linnaeus reckons 
seven species. It is certainly an animal, and 
as such is tree or locomotive. Its body gene- 
rally expands into processes on the upper 
parts, and these processes or branches are 
furnished with rows of tubular denticles; 
they have a polype-head proceeding from 
each tube. 
The sea-pen is not a coralline, but distin- 
guished from it bv this specific difference; 
corals, corallines, alcyon a, and all that order 
of beings, adhere firmly by their bases to 
submarine substances, but the sea-pen either 
swims about in the water ©r floats upon the 
surface. 
Its general appearance greatly resembles 
that oi a quill-feather ot a bird’s wing; it is 
about lour inches long, and of a reddish co- 
lour; along the b .ck there is a groove from 
the quill part to the extremity of the fea- 
thered part, as there is in a pen ; the feather- 
ed part consists of fins proce. ding from the 
stem. The fins move Ihe animaf backward 
and forward in the water, and are furnish- 
ed with suckers or mouths armed with fila- 
ments. 
Dr. Boadsch of Prague had an oppor- 
tunity of observing one of these animals alive 
in the water, and he gives the following ac- 
count of what he saw : “ A portion of the 
stem contracted, and became of a strong 
purple colour, so as to have the appearance 
of a ligature round it ; this apparent ligature, 
or zone, moved upwards and downwards 
successively through the whole length of the 
stem, as well the feathered as the naked part ; 
it began at the bottom, and moving upwards 
to the other extremity, it there disappeared, 
and at the same instant appeared again at the 
bottom, and ascended as b ‘fore ; but as it 
ascended through the feathered or pinnated 
part, it became' paler.” When this zone is 
much constricted, the trunk above it swells, 
and acquires the form of an onion ; the con- 
striction of the trunk gives the colour to the 
zone, for the intermediate parts are paler in 
proportion as the zone becomes deeper. 
1 he end ot the naked trunk is sometimes 
cuived like a hook ; and at its extremity 
thepe is a sinus or chink, which grows deeper 
while the purple ring is ascending, and shal- 
lower as it is coming down. The fins have 
lour motions, upward and downward, and 
backward and forward, from right to left, and 
