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P H L 
411 
■armed with far larger and stronger ones. The i 
general colour of the thorax, abdomen, and 
head, is brown in the dead, but might pro- 
bably have been green in the living, animal. 
The wings are scarcely larger than the elytra 
or wing-sheaths, and seem originally to have 
been reddish ; the tips are green. These 
wings are very strongly veined with brown 
fibres ; the wing-cases are of a strong opake 
green, and were doubtless more vivid in the 
living insect: they have a great resemblance 
to a pair of leaves. The month has four palpi, 
which are rather long, and under the mouth 
are situated -two leaf-shaped organs, perhaps 
belonging to the action of that part. The 
abdomen is terminated by a kind of boat- 
shaped organ, the keel of which possesses a 
considerable space beneath the abdomen, so 
that fewer segments appear on that part than 
above. The concavity of this organ is co- 
vered by a terminal scale and bitid process, 
constituting the tip of the abdomen on the 
upper part. On raising this valve, an ovum, 
nearly of the size of a pea, but of a more 
lengthened form, is discovered lying in the 
cavity beneath ; and on inspecting farther into 
the cavity of the abdomen, a great many more 
ova, exactly similar, were found, to the num- 
ber of live or six and twenty: these eggs are 
of a slightly oblong shape, but flattened at one 
end ; they are of a brown colour, and marked 
all over with numerous impressed points, and 
have on one side a mark or double waved 
line, so disposed as to represent a kind of 
cross, as if carved on the surface ; the flattened 
end is surrounded by a small rim or ledge, 
and seems to be the part which opens at the 
exclusion of the larva, since it readily separates 
from the rest. On immersing some of these 
ova in warm water, and opening them, the in- 
cluded yolk, of a deep yellow colour, and of 
the appearance of a transparent gum, was 
discovered ; and this, when burned, afforded 
the usual smell of animal substances, but in 
some it was accompanied by a slight degree 
of fragrance. 
Some insects of this genus, like the pre- 
ceding, are remarkable for the extreme, and 
even deceptive resemblance which their upper 
wings bear to leaves of trees. This is a wise 
provision of nature for the security of the 
animal against the attacks of birds, as well as 
for the more ready attainment of its prey ; 
since when sitting among the branches, it 
eludes the notice of both. 
PHEASANT. See- Phasianus. 
PHELLANDRIUM, water-hemlock, a 
genus of the digynia order, in the pentandria 
class of plants. The florets of the disk are 
smaller; fruit ovate, even crowned, with the 
perianthium and pistillum. r l here are two 
species, one of which, viz. the aquaticum, is a 
native of Britain. This grows in ditches and 
ponds, but is not very common. The stalk 
is remarkably thick and dichotomous, and 
grows in the water. It is a poison to horses, 
bringing upon them, as Li mucus informs us, 
a kind of palsy, which, however, he supposes 
to be owing not so much to the noxious qua- 
lities of the plant itself, as to those of an in- 
sect which feeds upon it, breeding within the 
stalks, and which he calls curculio parapiecti- 
PHILADELPHIUS, the pipe-tree, or 
mock orange, a genus of the monogynia order, 
in the icosandria class of plants. The species 
are : 
V II L 
1. The coronarius, white syringa, or mock 
orange, hass been long cultivated in-4d‘e gar- 
dens of this country as a flowering shrub; it 
is not well known in what country it is to be 
found native. 2. The seoparius. 3. The 
aromaticus. 4. f l he laniger. The propagation 
of all the sorts is very easy : they are increas- 
ed by layers, cuttings, or suckers. 
PHILLYREA, mock pried, a genus of 
the monogynia order, in the diandria class of 
plants. Each flower contains two males and 
one female, There are three species, all of 
them shrubby plants, and natives of France 
or Italy. 
1. Phi! lyrea media, the oval-leaved philly- 
rea, or mock privet, or the medical-leaved 
phillyrea, a tall evergreen shrub, native of 
the south of Europe. 2. Phillyrea latifolia, 
the broad-leaved phillyrea, or mock privet, a 
tall evergreen shrub, native of the south of 
Europe. 3. Phillyrea angustifolia, the nar- 
row-leaved phillyrea, or mock privet, a de- 
ciduous shrub, native of Spain and Italy. 
PHILOLOGY, a science, or rather assem- 
blage of several sciences, consisting of gram- 
mar, rhetoric, poetry, antiquities, history, and 
criticism. 
PHILOSOPHY. See Experimental 
and Natural Philosophy, Ethics, &c. 
PHILYDRUM, a genus of the class and 
order monandria monogynia. The spathe is 
one-flowered ; perianthium none ; corolla 
four-petalled, irregular ; capsule three-celled, 
many-seeded. There is one species, a herb 
of China. 
PHLEBOTOMY. See Surgery. 
PHLEUM, cat' s-tail grass, a genus of the 
triandria digynia class of'plants, the corolla of 
which consists of two valves ; and the seed, 
which is single, is included within the calyx 
and corolla. There are four species. See 
Husbandry. 
PfILOAS, a genus of vermes testacea; the 
animal an ascidia; shell bivalve, divaricate, 
with several lesser differently shaped acces- 
sory ones at the hinge ; hinges recurved, 
united by a cartilage: in the inside, beneath 
the hinge, is an incurved tooth. The inha- 
bitants of this genus perforate clay, spongy 
stones and wood, while in the younger state ; 
and as they increase in size, enlarge their ha- 
bitation within, and thus become imprisoned. 
They contain a phosphorous liquor of great 
brilliancy in the dark, and which illuminates 
whatever it touches or happens to fall upon. 
There are 12 species. 
All that we can know with certainty is, that 
they must have penetrated these substances 
when very small, because the entrance of the 
hole in which thephloas lodges is always much 
less than the inner part of it, and indeed than 
the shell of the phloas itself, lienee some 
have supposed that they were hatched in holes 
accidentally formed in stones, and that they 
naturally grew of such a shape as was neces- 
sary to "till the cavity. 
The holes in which these insects lodge, are 
usually twice as deep, at least, as the shells 
themselves are leng; the. figure of the holes 
is that of a truncated cone, excepting that 
they are terminated at the bottom by a 
rounded cavity, and their position is usually 
somewhat oblique to the horizon. The open- 
ings of these holes are what betray the phloas 
being in the stone ; but they are always very 
small in proportion to the size of the fish. 
3 F 2 
1 here seems to be no progressive motion of 
any animal in nature so slow as that of the 
phloas; it is immersed in the hole, and has 
no movement except a small one towards the 
centre ol the earth; and this is only pro- 
portioned to the growth of the animal, .its 
work is very difficult in its motion ; but it has 
great time to perform it in, as it only moves 
downwards, sinking 1 itself deeper in the stone 
as it increases itself in hulk. That part by 
means of which it performs this is a fleshy 
substance placed near the lower extremity of 
the shell ; it is of the shape of a lozenge, and 
is considerably large in proportion to the size 
ot the animal ; and though it is of a soft sub- 
stance, it is not to be wondered at that in so 
long a time it is able, bv constant work, to 
buirow into /a hard stone. The manner of 
their performing this may be seen by taking 
one ot them out of the stone, and placing it 
upon some soft clay ; for they will immediately 
get to work in bending and extending that 
part allotted to dig for them, and in a few 
hours they will bury themselves in the mud 
in as large a hole as they had taken many 
years to make in the stone. They find little 
resistance in so soft a substance; and the ne- 
cessity of their hiding themselves evidently 
makes them hasten their work. The animal 
is lodged in the lower half of the hole in the 
stone, and the upper half is filled up by a pipe 
. of a fleshy substance and c onical figure, trun- 
cated at the end. r I his they usually extend 
to the orifice of the hole, and place cm a level 
with the surface of the stone ; but they sel- 
dom extend it any farther than this. " The 
pipe, though it appears single, is in reality 
composed of two pipes, or at least it is com- 
posed of two parts separated by a membrane. 
1 be use of this pipe or proboscis is the same 
with that of the proboscis of other shell-fish, to 
take in sea-water into their bodies, and after- 
wards to throw it out again. In the middle 
of their bodies they have a small green vessel, 
the use of which has not yet been discovered. 
This, when plunged in spirit of wine, becomes 
of. a purple colour ; but its colour on linen 
will not become purple in the sun like that of 
the murex ; and even if it would, its quantity 
is too small to make it worth preserving. 
r \ he phloas is remarkable tor its luminous 
quality. That this fish is luminous was no- 
ticed "by Piiny, who observes that it shines in 
the mouth of the person who eats it ; and if it 
touches his hands or clothes, it makes them 
luminous. He also says that the light de- 
pends upon its moisture. The light of this 
fish has furnished matter for various observa- 
tions and experiments to M. Reaumur and the 
Bolognian academicians, especially Beccarius, 
who took so much pains with the subject of 
phosphoreal light. 
M. Reaumur observes, that whereas other 
fishes give light when they tend to putres- 
cence, this is more luminous in proportion to 
its being fresh ; that when they are dried, 
their light will revive if they are moistened 
either with fresh or salt water, but that brandy 
immediately extinguishes it. He endeavoured 
to make this light permanent, but none of his 
schemes succeeded. 
The attention of the Bolognian academi- 
cians was engaged to this subject by M. F. 
Marsilius, in 1724, who brought a number of 
these fishes, and the stones in which they 
were enclosed, to Bologna, on purpose for 
their examination. 
