438 
V 1 P 
V I N 
matter like cream, but a little thicker. This 
is very different from all the kinds of resin 
-and turpentine in use ; and is generally sold 
to be used in the making of flambeaux, in- 
stead of white bees’-wax. The matter that is 
received in the hole at the bottom is taken up 
with ladles, and put in a large basket ; a 
great part of this immediately runs through, 
and this is the common turpentine. This is 
received into stone or earthen pots, and is 
ready tor sale. The thicker matter, which 
remains in the basket, they put into a com- 
mon alembic, adding a large quantity of wa- 
ter. 1 hey distil this as long as any oil is 
seen swimming on the water. This oil they 
separate from the surface in large quantities, 
and this is the common oil or spirit of turpen- 
tine. The remaining matter at the bottom 
of the still is common yellow resin. When 
they have thus obtained all they can from 
the sap of the tree, they cut it down; and, 
hewing the wood into billets, they lill a pit 
dug in the earth with these billets’; and set- 
ting them on lire, there runs from them, 
while they are burning, a black thick matter.’ 
1 his. naturally falls to the bottom of the pit, 
and this is the tar. The top of the pit is co- 
vered with tiles, to keep hi the heat; and 
there is at the bottom a little hole, out at 
which the tar runs like oil. If this hole is 
made too large, it sets the whole quantity of 
the tar on tire; but if small enough, it runs 
quietly out. 
The tar, being thqg made, is put up in bar- 
rels; and it it is (o be made into pitch, they 
put it into large boiling-vessels, without add- 
ing any thing to it. it is then suffered to 
boil awhile, and being then let out, is found 
when cold to be what we call pitch. 
A decoction of the nuts or seeds of Ihe 
first species in milk, or ol the extremities of 
the branches pulled in spring, is said, with a 
proper regimen, to cure the most inveterate 
scurvy. The wood of this species is not va- 
lued; hut that of the Scots pine is superior 
to any of the rest. It is observable of the 
Scots pine, that when planted in bogs, or in a 
moist soil, though the plants make great pro- 
gress, yet the wood is white, soft, and little 
esteemed; but when planted in a dry soil, 
though the growth of the trees is there very 
slow, yet the w r o r >d is proportionably Letter. 
Few trees have been applied to more uses 
than this. The tallest and straightest are 
formed by nature for masts to our navy. The 
timber is resinous, durable, and applicable to 
numberless domestic purposes, such as floor- 
ing and wainscoting of rooms, making of 
beds, chests, tables, boxes, Ac. From the 
trunk and branches of this, as well as most i 
others of the pine tribe, tar and pitch are ob- i 
tained. By incision, barras, Burgundy pitch, i 
and turpentine, are acquired and prepared. ; 
The resinous roots are dug out of the ground j 
in many parts of the Highlands, and," be ng ! 
divided into small splinters, are used bv the 
inhabitants to burn instead of candles/ At; 
Loch-Broom, in Ross-shire, the fishermen j 
make ropes of (he inner bark ; but hard ne- 1 
cessity has taught the inhabitants of Sweden, * 
Lgpland, and Kamtschatka, to convert the j 
same into bread. To effect this, thev, infhe 
spring season, make choice of the tallest and j 
fairest trees ; then stripping off carefully the 
outer bark, they collect the soft, white, sue- j 
culent, interior bark, and dry it in the shade, i 
V I P 
When they have occasion to use it, they first 
toast it at the fire, then grind, and after steep- 
ing the Hour in warm water to take off the 
resinous taste, they make it into thin cakes, 
which are baked for use. On this strange food 
the poor inhabitants are sometimes constrained 
to live for a whole year; and we are told, 
through custom, become at last even fond of 
it. Linn :eus remarks, that this same bark- 
bread will fatten swine; and humanity obliges 
us to w r ish, that men might never be reduced 
to the necessity ot robbing them of such a 
food. The interior bark, of which the above- 
mentioned bread is made, the Swedish boys 
frequently peqf oli the trees in the spring, and 
eat raw with a greedy appetite From the 
cones ot this tree are prepared a diuretic -oil, 
like the oil of turpentine, and a resinous ex- 
tract, which has similar virtues with the bal- 
sam of Bern. An infusion or tea of the buds 
j s , highly commended as .an antiscorbutic. 
1 he iarina, or yellow powder, of the male, 
(lowers, is sometimes in the spring carried 
away by the winds, in such quantities, where 
the trees abound, as to alarm the ignorant 
with the notion of its raining brimstone. The 
tree lives to a great age; Linnaeus atllnus, to 
400 years. 
PIONLKRS, m the art of war, are -such 
as are commanded in from the country, to 
march with an army far mending the ways, 
for working on infrenchments and fartifica- 
tions, and for making mines and approaches. 
The soldiers are likewise employed for all 
these purposes. Most ot the foreign regi- 
ments ot artillery have half a conjpanv of 
pioneers, well instructed in that important 
branch of duty. Our regiments of infantry 
and cavalry have about twenty pioneers each, 
provided with aprons, hatchets, saws, spades, 
and pick-axes. Each pioneer must have an 
ax, a saw, and an apron ; a cap with a lea- 
ther crown, and a black bear-skin front, on 
which is to be the king’s crest in white, on a 
red ground; and the number of the regiment 
is to he on the back part of.it. 
PIP, or Pep, pepia, a disease among 
poultry, consisting ot a white thin skin, or 
him, that grows under the tip of the tongue, 
and hinders their feeding. It usually arises 
from want ot water, or from drinking puddle- 
water, or eating filthy meat. It is cured by 
pulling oil the lilm with the fingers, and rub- 
bing the tongue with salt. Hawks are parti- 
cularly liable to this disease, especially from 
feeding on stinking fiesli. 
Pi BE, in building, &c. a canal, or conduit, 
for the conveyance of water and other fluids. 
Pipes for water, water-engines, & c. are usually 
o! lead, iron, earth, or wood : the latter are 
commonly made of oak cr elder. Those of 
iron are cast in forges; their usual length is 
about two leet and a half: several ot these are 
commonly fastened together by means of four 
screws at each end, with leather or old hat 
between them, to stop the water. Those of 
.earth are made by the potters; these are 
fitted into one another, one end being always 
made wider than the ether. To join them 
the closer, and prevent their breaking, they 
are covered with tow and pitch: their length 
is usually about that of the iron pipes. . The 
wooden pipes are. trees bored with large iron 
augurs, ot different sizes, beginning with a 
less, and then proceeding with a larger suc- 
cessively ; the iirst being pointed, the rest 
formed like spoons, increasing in diame- 
ter, from one to six inches or more : they 
are fitted into the extremities of eacli other, 
and are sold by tire foot. 
Bjpe-Borin,g. AA, Plate Perambulator, 
Ac. fig. 4, are two beams laid on each side 
of a pit, into which the chips are to fall. 
lJj)on the edges of these, the wheels of a 
frame DE run. i.his frame has four pieces, 
ddaa, across it ; and two windlases, bb, 
which have chains round them, going over 
the piece of timber F which is to lie bored. 
1 he two end-pieces dd have uprights ee in 
them; between which the tree is laid, and is 
secured with wedges in diderent places as 
the occasion requires. G is a piece lying 
acioss the two beams AA: this is connected 
with the frame DE by two iron bars tf which 
are fastened to it; and go through holes in 
the piece d, and are field there bv pins put 
through holes in both. The piece 'G has two 
uprights in it, between which is a brass pulley 
to support the freight ot the boring-bar 
ll.g^Gs a wheel, with handles on its circum- 
feience to turn it by ; on its axis I a rope is 
coiled ; one end oi which goes over a pulley- 
( n °4 Si ‘ ei3 )> and js fastened to the carriage 
I>E. At i the other end. goes over a similar 
pulley, and is tied to the other end of the 
carriage DE. I he machine is put into some 
place where there is a crane, bv which the 
liee can be lifted on to the carriage; Iirst 
withdrawing the carriage from* the boring- 
bar, by turning the wheel from g to i, and 
separating it Irom the piece G by taking out 
the pins. It is then wedged into its place, 
and secured by tiie windlases bb. The 
wheel is next turned back, the carriage 
drawm up to the borer, and 4he piece G pin- 
ned in. 'The machine (either horses, Water, 
steam, Ac.) w hich turns the borer is then set 
to work ; and a man constantly attends at 
the wheel gki, to draw the pipe up to the 
borer. I he use ot the wheel in the piece G 
is, to support the borer just where it enters the 
pipe, and make it work steady. When the 
pipe is bored through, it is w ithdrawn, and 
another tree is placed on the carriage as be- 
fore. 
Pipes of an Organ. See Organ. 
Pipes, tobacco, are made of various 
fashions; long, short, plain, worked, white, 
varnished, unvarnished, and of various co- 
lours, & c. r \ lie Turks use pipes three or 
four feet long, made of rushes, or of wood 
bored, at the end whereof they fix a kind of 
pot ot baked earth, which serves as a bowl, 
and which they take oft after smoking. 
Pipe also denotes a vessel or measure for 
wine, containing 136 gallons. 
Pipe-Office is an office wherein a person 
called the clerk of the pipe makes out leases 
of crown lands, by warrant from the lord- 
treasurer, or commissoners of the treasury, 
or chancellor of the exchequer. The clerk 
ol the pipe makes out also accounts of she- 
riffs, Ac. and gives the aeeomptants their 
quietus est To this office are brought all 
accounts which pass the remembrancer’s of- 
fice, and remain there, that if any stated debt 
is due from any person, the same may be 
drawn down into the great roll of the pipe; 
upon whiehthe comptroller issues out a writ, 
called the summons of the pipe, for recovery 
thereof ; and it there are no goods or chat- 
tels, the clerk then draws down the debts to 
the lord-treasurer’s remembrancer, to write 
