4gs 
sheet for the compositor, see Correc- 
tion. 
The compositor then unlocking the form 
upon the correcting-stone, by loosening the 
quoins or wedges which bound the letters to- 
gether, rectifies the mistakes by picking out 
the faulty or wrong letters with a slender 
sharp-pointed steel bodkin, and puts others 
into their places; but when there are con- 
siderable alterations, and particularly where 
insertions or omissions are to be made, he is 
under a necessity of over-running. Thus, if 
one or more words to be inserted in a line 
cannot be got in by changing the spaces 
for lesser ones, part of the line must be put 
back into the close of the preceding one, or 
forward into the beginning of the subsequent 
one, and this continued till the words are got 
in. After this another proof is made, sent to 
the author, and corrected as before : and, 
lastly, there is another proof, called a revise, 
which is made in order to see whether all the 
mistakes marked in the last proof are cor- 
rected. 
The pressman’s business is, to work off the 
forms thus prepared and corrected by the 
compositor; in doing which there are four 
things required, paper, ink, balls, and a press. 
To prepare the paper for use, it is to be first 
wetted by dipping several sheets together in 
water ; these are afterwards laid in a heap 
over each other; and to make them take the 
water equally, they are all pressed close 
down with a weight at the top. The ink is 
made of oil and lamp-black, for the man- 
ner of preparing which see Ink. 
The balls by which the ink is applied on 
the forms, are a kind of wooden funnels with 
bandies, the cavities of which are filled with 
wool or hair ; also a piece of alum-leather 
or pelt is nailed over the cavity, and made 
extremely soft by soaking in nrine, and by 
being well rubbed. One of these the press- 
man takes in each hand, and applying one of 
them to the ink-block, dabs and works them 
together to distribute the ink equally ; and 
then blackens the form which is placed on 
the press, by beating with the balls upon the 
face of the letter. 
The printing-press represented in the Plate, 
fig. 194, is a very curious, though complex 
machine; the body consists of two strong 
cheeks aa, placed perpendicularly, and join- 
ed together by four cross-pieces; the cap l > ; 
the head c, which is moveable, being partly 
sustained by two iron pins or long bolts, that 
pass the cap; the till or shelf dd, by which 
the spindle and Its apparatus are kept in their 
proper position ; and the winter c, which ! 
bears the carriage, and sustains the effort of 
the press beneath. The spindle/ is an upright 
piece of iron pointed with steel, having a 
male screw which- goes into the female one 
in the head about four inches. Through the 
eye & of tins. spindle is fastened the bar k, by 
whkfn the pressman, makes the impression. 
The spindle passes through a hole in the 
middle of the til! ; and its point works into a 
brass pan or nut, supplied with oil, which is 
fixed to an iron plate let into the top of the 
piatten. The body of the spindle is sus- 
tained in the centre of an open frame of po- 
lished iron, 1, 1, 2,2,3, 3, fixed to it in such 
a manner, as, without obstructing its free 
play, to keep it in a steady direction, and at 
the- same time to serve for suspending the 
piatten. This frame consists of two parts ; the 
PRINTING. 
upper, called the garter, 1,1; and the under, 
called the crane, 2, 2. These are connected 
together by two short legs or bolts, 3, 3, 
which being fixed below in the two ends of 
the crane, pass upwards through two holes 
in the till, and are received at top into two 
eyes at the ends of the garter, where they are 
secured by screws. The carriage 1 1 is placed 
a foot below the piatten, having its fore part 
supported by a prop called the fore stay, 
while the other rests on the winter. On this 
carriage, which sustains the plank, are nailed 
two long iron bars or ribs: and on the plank are 
nailed short pieces of iron or steel, called 
cramp-irons, equally tempered with the ribs, 
and which slide upon them when Hie plank is 
turned in or out. Under the carriage is lixed 
a long piece of iron called the spit, with a 
double wheel in the middle, round which 
leather girths are fastened, nailed to each end 
of the plank ; and to the outside of the spit is 
fixe d a rou nee m, or handle, to turn round the 
wheel. Upon the plank is a square frame or 
coffin, in which is inclosed a polished stone, 
on which the form n is laid ; at the end of 
the coffin are three frames, viz. the two tym- 
pans and frisket ; the tympans o are square, 
and made of three slips of very thin wood, 
and at the top a piece of iron still thinner ; 
that called the outer tympan is ta-tened with 
hinges to the coffin; they are both covered 
with parchment; and between the two are 
placed blankets, which are necessary to - take 
off the impression of the letters upon the 
paper. The f risket p is a square f rame of 
thin iron, fastened with hinges to the tym- 
pan : it is covered with paper cut in the ne- 
cessary places, that the sheet which is put 
between the frisket and the great or outward 
tympan may receive the ink, and that no- 
thing may hurt the margins. To regulate 
the margins, a sheet of paper is fastened 
upon this tympan, which is called the tym- 
pan-sheet ; and on each, side is fixed an iron 
point, which makes two holes in the sheet, 
which is to be placed on the same points 
when the impression is to be made on the 
other side. In preparing the press tor work- 
ing, the parchment which covers the outer 
tympan is wetted till it is very soft, in order 
to render the impression more equable ; the 
j blankets are then put in, and secured from 
| slipping by the inner tympan : then while 
one pressman is beating the letter with the 
balls q, covered with ink taken from the ink- 
block, the other man places a sheet of 
whitepaper on the tym pa 11 -sheet, turns down 
the frisket upon it "to keep the paper clean 
and prevent its slipping, then bringing the 
tympans upon the form, and turning the 
rounce, he brings the form with the stone, 
&c. weighing about 300lbs. weight, under 
the piatten ; pulls with the bar, by which 
means the piatten presses the blankets and 
paper close upon the letter, whereby half the 
form is printed ; then easing the bar, he draws 
the form still forward, gives a second pull ; 
and letting go the bar, turns back the form, 
takes up the tympans and frisket, takes out 
the printed sheet, and lays on a fresh one ; 
and this is repeated til! he has taken off the 
impression upon the full number of sheets 
the edition is to consist of. One side of the 
sheet being thus printed, the form for the 
other is laid upon the press, and worked off 
in the same manner. See Stereotype. 
Printing, Chinese, is performed from 
wooden planks or blocks, cut like those used. ; 
in printing of callico, paper, cards, &c. 
Printing, rolling-press, is employed in | 
taking off prints or impressions from copper- | 
plates' engraved, etched, or Scraped, as in | 
mezzotintos. See Fn graving. r ] his art is j 
said to have been as antient as the year 1 540 | 
and to owe its origin to Finiguerra, a Floren- 9 
tine goldsmith, who pouring some melted | 
brimstone on an engraved plate, found the | 
exact impression of the engraving left in the j 
cold brimstone, marked with black taken out? ! 
of the strokes by the liquid sulphur: upon j 
this he attempted to do the same on silver j 
plates with wet paper, by rolling it smoothly 
with a roller, and this succeeded : but this art 
was not employed in England till the reign of 
king James I., when it was brought from Ant- 
werp by Speed. The form of the rolling- 
press, the composition of the ink used in it,, 
and the manner of applying both in taking off 
prints, are as follow : 
The rolling-press AL, Plate 195, may be 
divided into two parts, the body and carriage;, 
the body consists of two wooden cheeks PP, 
placed perpendicularly on a stand or foot 
LM, which sustains the whole press. From 
the foot likewise rise four other perpendicular 
pieces c, c, c, c, joined by other cross or ho- 
rizontal ones d, d, d, which serve to sustain- 
a smooth even plank or table H1K, about 
four feet and a half long, two feet and a half 
broad, and an inch and a halt thick. Into 
the cheeks go two wooden cylinders or roll- 
ers, DFFG, about six inches in diameter,, 
borne up at each end by the cheeks ; whose . 
ends, which are lessened to about two inches 
diameter, and called trunnions, turn in the 
, cheeks about two pieces of wood in form of 
half-moons, lined with polished iron to facili- 
tate their motion. Lastly, to one of the trun- 
nions of the upper roller is fastened a cross, 
consisting of two levers All, or pieces of wood, 
traversing each other : the arms of which cross 
serve instead of the bar or handle of the let- 
ter-press, by turning the upper roller ; and 
when the plank is between the two rollers, 
giving the same motion to the under one, by 
drawing the plank forward and backward. 
The ink used for copper plates is a compo- 
sition made of the stones of peaches and apri- 
cots, the bones of sheep, and i-vory, all WeH 
burnt, and called Frankfort black, mixed with 
nut-oil that has been well boiled, and ground: 
together on a marble in the same manner 
as painters do their colours. 
The method of printing from copper-plates- 
is as follows : They take a small quantity of 
this ink on a rubber made of linen rags 
strongly bound about each other, and with it 
smear the whole face of the plate- as it lies on 
a grate over a charcoal fire. The plate being, 
sufficiently inked, they fust wipe it over with 
a foul rag, then with the palm of their left 
hand, and then with that of the right; and to 
dry the hand and forward the w iping, the y 
rub it from time to time in whiting. In wip- 
ing the plate perfectly clean, yet without tak- 
ing the ink out of the engraving, the address 
of the workman consists. The plate thus- 
prepared, is laid on the plank of the presv; ; 
over the plate is laid the paper, first well 
moistened to receive the impression ; and 
over the paper tw o or three folds of flannel. ] 
'Filings thus disposed, the arms of the cross 
are pulled, and by that means the plate with ; 
its furniture is- passed through between the 
