606 
It O S 
It O S 
superficially tarred is constantly stronger 
than what is tarred throughout, and it resists 
better the alternatives of wet and dry. The 
shrowds of the Sheer hulk were well tarred 
and blacked, so that it was not known that 
they were of white cordage. 
Attempts have been made to increase the 
strength of cordage by tanning. But although 
it remains a constant practice in the manu- 
facture of nets, it does not appear that much 
addition, either of strength or durability, can 
be given to cordage by this means. Tire trial 
has been made with great care, and by per- 
sons fully able to conduct the process with 
propriety. But it is found that the yarns 
take so long time in drying,' and are so much 
hurt by drying slowly, that the room requir- 
ed for a considerable rope-work would be 
immense ; and the improvement of the cord- 
age is but trilling, and even equivocal. 
ROSA, the rose, a genus of the polygynia 
order, in the icosatidria class of plants, and in 
the natural method ranking under 'the 35th 
order, senticosa?. There are live petals ; 
the calyx is urceolated, quinquefid, carnous, 
and straitened at the neck. The seeds are 
numerous, hispid, and affixed to the inside 
of the calyx. The sorts of roses are very 
numerous ; and the botanists .find it very 
difficult to determine with accuracy which 
are species and which are varieties, as well 
as which arh varieties of the respective spe- 
cies. On this account Linnaeus, and some 
other eminent -authors, are inclined to think 
that there is only one real species of rose, 
which is the rosa canina, or dog-rose of the 
hedges, & c. and that all the other sorts are 
accidental : varieties of it. According, how- 
ever, to the present arrangement, they stand 
divided into 40 supposed species, each com- 
prehending varieties, which in some sorts are 
but few,' in others numerous. The most re- 
markable species, and their varieties, accord- 
ing to the arrangement of modern botanists, 
ape as follow.: 
!. The canina, canine rose, wild dog-rose 
of the hedges, or hep-tree. There are two 
varieties, red-flowered and white-flowered. 
'They grow wild in hedges abundantly all 
over the kingdom ; ; and are sometimes ad- 
mitted into gardens; a few to increase the 
variety of the shrubbery collection. 
2. Thg alba, or ’common white-rose. The 
varieties are.; large double white rose dwarf 
single white rose; maldeus-bjush white rose', 
being* large, produced in dusters, and of a 
white and blueish-red colour. 
3. 'Fhe gallic.a, or Gallican rose, &c. This 
species is very extensive in supposed varie- 
ties, several of which have been formerly 
considered as distinct species, but are now 
ranged among the varieties of the Gallican 
rose, consisting of the following noted varie- 
ties. 
Common red officinal rose. Rosa mundi 
(ro e of, the world) or striped red rose ; York 
and Lancaster variegated rose ; monthly rose, 
producing middle-sized, moderately-doubie, 
delicate floWers, of dj lie rent colours in the 
varieties; I be varieties are, common red- 
flowered nonlhly rose, biush-flpwered, white- 
flow.ered, stripe- dowered : all of which blow 
both early and late, and often produce (lowers 
several months in the year, as May, June, 
and July; and frequently- again in August or 
^.-ptember, and sometimes in fine, mild sea- 
• R O S 
sons, continue till November or December*. 
Hence the name monthly rose, double virgin 
rose. ’ . 
. 4. r I he damascena, including the red da- 
mask rose, white damask rose, blueish Belgic 
rose, red Beigic rose. Velvet rose grows 
three or four feet high, armed with but few 
prickles ; producing large velvet-red flowers, 
comprising semidouble and double varieties, 
all very beautiful roses. Marbled rose grows 
four or 1 live feet high, having brownish 
branches, with but few prickles; and q large, 
double, finely-marbled, red flower. 
5. The lutea, including the red and yellow 
Austrian rose, yellow Austrian rose, double 
yellow rose. 
■6. The centifolia, or hundred leaved red 
rose, &c. The varieties are ; common Dutch 
hundred-leaved - rose, bluish hundred-leaved 
rose. 
7. The provincialis, or Provence rose. The 
varieties are ; common red Provence rose, 
and pale Provence rose; both of which hav- 
ing larger and somewhat looser petals than 
the following sort. Cabbage Provence rose, 
having the petals closely folded over one an- 
other like cabbages; Dutch cabbage rose, 
very large, and cabbages tolerably ; Tinkling 
Provence rose; great royal rose’ producing 
remarkably large, Somewhat loose, but very 
elegant flowers'. AIL tirese are large double 
red flowers, somewhat globular at first blow- 
ing, becoming gradually a little spreading at 
top, and are all Very ornamental fragrant 
roses. " ■ - 
8. The muscosa, or moss Provence rose, 
supposed by some a variety .of the common 
rose, having the calyx and upper part of the 
peduncle surrounded with a rough mossy-like 
substance, effecting a curious singularity. 
9. The cinnamomea, or cinnamon rose, 
f here are varieties with double-flowers. 
10. [he alpina, or Alpine inermous rose. 
T his species, as being free from ail kind of 
armature common to the other sorts of roses, 1 
■is esteemed as a singularity ; and from this 
property is often called the virgin rose. 
11. The Carolina, or Carolina and Virgi- 
nia rose, & c. grows, six or eight feet high, or 
more. 1 he varieties are; dwarf Pennsyl- 
vania rose, with single and double red flowers. 
American pale-red rose. Ibis species and 
varieties grow naturally in different parts of 
North America; they effect a fine variety in 
our gardens, and.arje in estimation for their 
late-flowering property,, as they often con- t 
tinue in blow from August until October; 
and the flowers are succeeded by numerous 
red berry-like heps in autumn, causing a va- 
riety all winter. 
12. 1 he villosa, or villose apple-bearing 
rose, grows six or eight feet high. This spe- 
cies merits admittance into every collection 
as a curiosity for the singularity ’of its fruit, 
both for variety and use; for having a thick 
pulp ot an agreeable acid relish; this is often 
made into a tolerably good sweetmeat. 
13. I he pimpinellifolia, or burnet-leaved 
rose. There- are varieties with red flowers, 
and with white flowers. They grow wild in 
England, & c. and are cultivated m shrubbe- 
ries for variety. 
1 -i. i be spinosissima, or most spinous, 
dwarf burnet-leaved rose, commonly called 
Scotch rose. I he varieties are: common 
whiteriipwered, red-flowered, striped-flower- 
ed, marble-flowered. They grow naturally 
in England, Scotland, &c. The first variety’ 
rises near a yard high, the others, but one or’ 
two feet, all of which are single-flowered ; 
but the flowers, being numerous all over the 
brandies, make a pretty appearance in the 
collection. • 
; ] a. The eglanteria, eglantine rose, or 
sweet-brier. The varieties are; common 
single-flowered, semi-double-flowered, dou- 
ble-flowered, bluish double-flowered, vc-flow 
, flowered. This species grows naturally in 
i some parts of England and Switzerland.’' It 
I claims culture in every garden for the odori- 
f ferous property of its leaves; and should be 
■ planted in the borders, and other compart- 
; ments contiguous to walks, or near the habi- 
tation, where the plants will impart their re- 
freshing fragrance very profusely all around 
and the young branches are excellent for im- r 
| proving the odour of nosegays and bowpots. 
16. The morehafa, or musk rose, supposed 
to be. a variety only of the ever-given niu-k- 
rpse; lias all the branches terminated by large, 
umbellate clusters of pure white musk-scent- 
ed flowers in August, See. 
17. i he sempervirens,or evergreen mu§k- 
rose. r J lie sempervirent property of this ele- 
gant species renders it a curiosity among the. 
lose tribe: it also makes a line appearance as 
a flowering shrub. There, is one variety, the' 
deciduous musk-rose above-mTitionedT This 
species and variety flower in August, and is 
remarkable for producing them numerously 
in clusters, continuing in succession till Oc- 
tober or November. 
IS. The semper flowers, or deep-red Chi- 
na rose, a most beautiful little plant, and 
well deserving the epithet of ever-blowing. 
19. The chinensis, or pale China rose, 
which, flowers almost the whole year. 
These two last species were supposed to be 
so tender, as always to require the shelter of 
a green-house ; but we can sav from expe- 
rience that they, are nearly as hardy as any of 
our English roses. 
1 he white and red roses are used in medi- 
cine. The former distilled with water yields 
a small portion of a ■butvraceous oil, whose 
flavour exactly resembles that of the roses 
themselves. This oil, and the distilled water,: 
are very useful and agreeable cordials. These 
roses also, besides the cordial and aromatic 
virtues which reside in their volatile parts, 
have a mild purgative one, which remains 
entire in the decoction after distillation. The 
red rose, on the contrary, has an astringent 
and gratefully corroborating, virtue. 
ROSE. See Rosa. 
ROSEMARY . See Rosmarinus. 
ROSJDULA, a genus of the class and or- 
der pentandria monogynia. The calyx is 
five-leaved ; corolla live-petal led ; anthers 
sciotifoim ; capsule three-valved. There is 
one species, a suffructicose plant of the Cape. 
ROSMARINUS, rosemary, a genus of 
^he monogynia order, in the diandria class of 
plants, and in tire natural method ranking 
under the 42c I order, vertieiliauc. The co- 
rolla is unequal, with its upper lip bipartite; 
the filaments are long, curved, and simple, 
each having a small dent. There are two 
species, the officinalis and chilensis. There 
are two varieties, of the first sort, one with 
white striped leaves, called the. silver rose- 
