eos it u n 
■quinqttefiU, the petals five ; the berry con- 
sisting of mouospermous acini or pulpy grains. 
I he principal species is the idieus, or common 
raspberry, which, with its varieties, demands 
culture in every garden for their fruit ; parti- 
cularly the common red kind, white sort, and 
■twice-bearing raspberry ; all of which are 
great bearers: but, for the general plantations, 
we choose principally the common red and 
the white kind, as being generally the great- 
est bearers of all ; planting also a share of the 
twice-bearing sort, both as a curiosity, and 
for the sake of its autumnal crops of fruit, 
which in favourable seasons ripen in tolera- 
ble perfection ; observing to allow all the 
sorts some open exposure in the kitchen gar- 
den, though they will prosper in almost anv 
situation. 
Some other species are considered as 
plants of variety, for hardy plantations in the 
shrubbery. Some of them are also very or- 
namental flowering plants; particularly the 
Virginian flowering raspberry, and the dou- 
ble-blossomed bramble, which have great me- 
rit as furniture for ornamental compartments; 
and the white-berried bramble, which is a 
great curiosity. 
HUB'S", a genus of precious stones of vari- 
ous colours ; as, 1. Of a deep red colour, in- 
clining a little to purple : the carbuncle of 
PI my. 2. The spinell, of the colour of a 
bright corn poppy flower. 3. The balass, or 
pale red, inclining to violet. 4. The rubi- 
cell, of a reddish yellow. According to 
-Cronstedt, the ruby crystallises into an oc- 
toedral form, as well as the diamond, from 
which it differs very little in hardness and 
.weight. Tavernier and Dutens inform us, 
that in the East Indies all coloured gems are 
named rubies, without regard to what their 
colours may be; and that the particular co- 
lour is added to the name of each, in order to 
distinguish them from one another. There 
are, however, some soft stones of this "kind, 
which they call bacan: and it is certain, that 
the hard and brilliant rubies, named oriental, 
as well as the sapphires and topazes, are all 
fche same, excepting only the circumstance of 
colour. Some are partly red, and partly 
blue, yellow, and some quite colourless. The 
spinell rubies are about half the value of dia- 
monds of the same weight ; the balass is va- 
lued at 30 shillings per carat. Tavernier 
mentions 108 rubies in the throne of the great 
Mogul, from 100 to 200 carats, and of a 
round one almost ‘2\ ounces : there is also 
mention made by other travellers, of rubies 
exceeding 20*0 carats in weight. According 
to Dutens, a perfect ruby, if it weighs more 
than carats, is of greater value than a dia- 
mond of the same weight. Tf it weighs one 
carat, it is worth 10 guineas; if two carats, 
40 guineas; three carats, 150 guineas; if six 
a rats, upwards of 1000 guineas. 
According to the experiments of Bergman 
and Achard, the texture of the ruby is foli- 
ated like that of diamonds : it is fusible with 
borax in a strong and long-continued heat, 
running into a transparent glass of a pale 
green colour. From the experiments of M. 
cTArcet, it appears that the ruby does not 
lose its colour in the greatest tire; but Hene- 
kel says, that, by means of a burning glass, 
Sie softened it in such a manner as to receive 
the impression ofa seal of jasper. It becomes 
electric by being -rubbed, its speciticgra- 
R U I 
vity, according to Bergman, is from 3,180 to 
4,240: but Brisson tells us that it is 4,283. 
The specific gravity of the spinell is 3,7(50, of 
the Brasilian ruby 3,531. 
Rubies are met with in the Capelan moun- 
tains of Pegu, in the East Indies ; and at 
Caos, Ava, Bisnagar, Calicut, Cananor, Cev 
Ion, and Brasil. They are found in sands of 
rivers of a red colour, in an argillaceous 
earth of a hard texture and greenish colour ; 
sometimes they adhere to red rocks. The 
spinell rubies are met with in Hungary, Si- 
lesia, Bohemia, and Brasil. The balass comes 
principally from Brasil, though some are also 
brought from the East Indies. The rubicell 
comes also from Brasil, but they are said to 
lose their colour in the fire. See Coran- 
dum, Topaz, &c. 
RUDBECKIA, dtvarf sun-jloiver, in bo- 
tany, a genus of the syngenesia-polygainia 
frustranea class of plants, the compound 
flower of which is radiated; but the her- 
maphrodite corollulte of the disc are tubulose 
and very numerous: the stamina are five very 
short capillary filaments; and there is a small 
orbiculated seed after each of the hermaphro- 
dite corolluke, and are all contained in the 
cup, affixed to a paleaceous receptacle. 
There are seven species. 
RUDDER, in navigation, a piece of tim- 
ber turning on hinges in the stern of the ship, 
and which, opposing sometimes one side to 
the water, and sometimes another, turns or 
directs the vessel this way or that. See 
Ship-Building. 
The rudder of a ship is a piece of timber 
hung on the stern-posts by four or five iron 
hooks, called pintles, serving for the bridle of 
a ship to turn her about at the pleasure of the 
steersman. The rudder being perpendicu- 
lar, and withoutside the ship, another piece 
of timber is fitted to it at right angles, which 
comes into the ship, by which the rudder is 
managed and directed. ‘ This latter properly 
is called the helm or tiller; and sometimes, 
though improperly, the rudder itself. The 
power of the rudder is reducible to that of 
the lever. As to the angle the rudder 
should make with the keel, it is shewn, that 
in the working of ships, in order to stay or 
bear up the soonest possible, the tiller of the 
ruder ought to make an angle of 55° with the 
keel. A narrow rudder is best for a ship’s 
sailing, provided she can feel it; that is, be 
guided and turned by it: for a broad rudder 
will hold much water when the helm is put 
over to any side; but if a ship lias a fat 
quarter, so that the water cannot come 
quick and strong to her rudder, she will re- 
quire a broad rudder. The aft-most part of 
the rudder is called the rake of the rudder. 
RUELLIA, in botany, a genus of the an- 
giospermia order, in the didynamia class of 
plants; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 40th order, personate. The calyx 
is quinquepartite; the corolla sub-campanu- 
lated ; the stamina approaching together in 
pairs; the capsule springing asunder by 
means of its elastic segments. There are 
43 species, shrubs of the East and West In- 
dies. 
RUFF. See Perca. 
Ruff. See T-rin ga. 
RUJZIA, a genus of the polyandria order, 
in the monaddphia class of plants; and in 
the natural method ranking under the 37th 
EU! 
order, columnifene. The calyx is double * 
the external are triphyUous. The corolla 
consists of five petals, inclining to the right 
hand side, and adhering to the stamina 
wnich are horn 30 to 40. It has ten styli 
and as many capsulie. These are compress- 
&nd membranous- Tn each capsule are 
two seeds. There are three species, viz. 
1. Cordata; 2. Lobata ; 3. Vanibilis ; all 
natives of Asia and the Cape of Good 
Hope. 
RULES of court , in law, are certain or- 
ders made, from time to time, in the courts 
of law, which attornies are bound to observe 
in order to avoid confusion ; and both the 
plaintiff and defendant are at their peril also 
bound to pay obedience to rules made in 
court relating to the cause depending be- 
tween them. 3 
It is to be observed, that no court will 
make a rule for any thing that may be done 
m the ordinary course ; and that if a rule is 
made, grounded upon an affidavit, the other 
side may move the court against it, in order 
to vacate the same, and thereupon shall 
bring into court a copy of the affidavit and 
rue. On the breach and contempt ofa 
i ule of court, an attachment lies ; but it is not 
granted for disobedience to a rule when the 
party has not been personally served ; nor 
for disobeying a rule made by a judge in his 
chamber, which is not of force to ground a 
motion upon, unless the same is entered. 
Rule, or Ruler , an instrument of wood or 
metal, with several lines delineated on it of 
gieat use in practical mensuration. 
When a ruler has the lines of chords 
tangents, sines, &c. it is called a plane 
scale. r 
i carpenter’s joint-rule is an instrument 
usually of box, &c. twenty-four inches long 
and one and a half broad ; each inch being 
subdivided into eight parts. On the same 
side with these divisions, is usually added 
Gunter s line ot numbers. On the other side 
are the lines of timber and board-measure* 
the first beginning at 82, and continued to 36* 
near the other end; the latter is numbered 
from 7 to 36, four inches from the other 
end. 
U.se of the carpenter’s joint-rule. The ap- 
plication ot the incites, in measuring lengths 
breadths, &c. is obvious. 
The use of the other side is all we need 
here to notice. 1. "Five breadth of any sur- 
face, as board, glass, &c. being given, to find 
-how much in length makes a square foot, 
rind the number of inches the surface is 
broad, in the line of broad-measure arid 
right against it is the number of inches re- 
quired. Thus, if the surface was eight inches 
broad, eighteen incites will be found to make 
a superficial foot. Or more readily thus- 
Apply the rule to the breadth of the board or 
glass, that end, marked 36, being equal with 
the edge,, the other edge of the surface will 
shew the inches, and quarters of inches, which 
go to a square foot. 2. Use of the table at 
the end of the board-measure. If a. surface 
is one iuclt broad, how many inches long will 
make a superficial foot? look in the upper 
row of figures for one inch, and under it in 
the second row is twelve inches, the answer 
to the question. 3. Use of the line of timber- 
I measure. This resembles the former; fo r 
• V 
