S A L 
SAM 
Gains II. Soda. 
Sp. 1. Carbonat of soda, 
2. Sulphat of soda, 
3. Muriat of soda, 
4. Borax. 
Genus III. Ammonia. 
Sp. 1 . Muriat of ammonia. 
Genus I. Salts of potass. 
Sp. 1. Nitrat of potass. This salt is found 
native, mixed with nitrat of lime, muriat of 
potass, and other impurities, encrusting the 
surface of the earth indifferent parts of India, 
the Cape of Good Hope, Peru, Spain, Mol- 
fetta, &c. It is most commonly in line ca- 
pillary crystals. Sometimes, though rarely, 
massive, or in six-sided prisms. 
Its primitive form is a rectangular octahe- 
dron. It occurs sometimes in that form, but 
more frequently the apexes of the pyramids 
are truncated. But its most usual variety is 
a six-sided prism, terminated by six-sided 
pyramids. A specimen of native nitre from 
Alelfetta, analysed by Klaproth, contained 
44.55 nitrat of potass 
25.45 sulphat of lime 
30.40 carbonat of lime 
0.20 muriat of potass 
100.60 
Genus II. Salts of soda. 
Sp. 1. Carbonat of soda. This salt is found 
fri Egypt on the surface of the earth, and on 
the margin of certain lakes which become 
dry during the summer. It has often the ap- 
pearance of a rough dusty powder, of a grey 
colour and alkaline taste. It occurs in China, 
where it is called kien ; near Tripoli, where it 
is denominated trona; and likewise in Hun- 
gary, Syria, Persia, and India. 
It is said sometimes to have been observed 
in crystals. The primitive form is a rhom- 
boidal octahedron ; but the pyramids are 
usually truncated. 
A specimen of this salt from Egypt was 
found by Klaproth to consist of 
32.6 dry carbonat of soda 
20.8 dry sulphat of soda 
15.0 dry muriat of soda 
31.6 Water- 
loo. 0 
A specimen of fibrous carbonat from the 
interior of Africa, yielded the same chemist 
37.0 soda 
38.0 carbonic acid 
22.5 water 
2.5 sulphat of soda 
_ 160.0 
Sp. 2. Sulphat of soda. This salt is found 
in Austria, Hungary, Styria, Switzerland, 
and Siberia, always in the neighbourhood of 
a mineral spring. It occurs usually in the 
state of powder, sometimes massive, and even 
crystallized. Colour greyish, or yellowish 
white. 
Sp. 3. Muriat of soda. Common salt is 
found in immense masses under the earth’s 
surface in many countries, particularly in 
Poland, Hungary, England, &c. Near Cor- 
dova in Spain there is said to be a mountain 
of common salt 500 feet high, and nearly 
three miles in circumference. There are 
You. II. 
SAL 
two varieties of native common salt distin- 
guished by their texture. 
1. Foliated. This variety is usually found 
in vast masses, and sometimes crystallized in 
cubes. Colour various shades of grey and of 
red. Internal lustre glassy. Texture foliated. 
Fragments cubic. Streak grey. Specific 
gravity 2.143. Taste salt. 
2. Fibrous. Found in masses, strata, or sta- 
lactitic. Colour various shades of grey, blue, 
red. Texture fibrous ; fibres delicately curv- 
ed. Fragments angular. 
Sp. 4. Borax. This mineral is found in 
different parts of Thibet, See. It is usually 
mixed with foreign bodies ; that of Persia is 
in large crystals, enclosed in a fatly matter. 
The primitive form of its crystals is a rectan- 
gular prism, but it occurs usually in six-sided 
prisms, whose edges are variously truncated. 
Its colour is greyish, yellowish, or greenish 
white. Fracture foliated or conchoidal. Re- 
fracts doubly. Taste sweet, and somewhat 
acrid. 
Genus III. Salts of ammonia. 
Sp. 1. Muriat of ammonia. This salt oc- 
curs near volcanoes, of which it is a product. 
It is found also in Persia. It is found usually 
in the state of powder in the middle of lava. 
Sometimes in mass, and even in very irre- 
gular crystals. Colour white, often with a 
shade of yellow or green. Very soft. 
A specimen of this salt from Tartary yield- 
, ed Klaproth, 
97.5 muriat of ammonia 
2.5 sulphat of ammonia 
100.0 
There is no necessity for entering any 
further in this article into the detail of the 
compound salts, as the reader will find them 
under the different heads of Acetites, Flu- 
ats, Gallats, Lactats, Malats, Mel- 
lats, Muriats, Nitrats, Nitrites, 
Phosphats, Phosphites, Sulphats, Sul- 
phites ; also under the different acids: and 
the metallic compounds under the respective 
metals. See also Chemistry. 
SALVADORA, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the tetrandria class of plants, and 
in the natural method ranking with those of 
which the order is doubtful. The calyx is 
quadrifid ; there is no corolla ; the berry is 
monospermous ; and the seed covered with 
an antlus or loose coat. There are three 
species, herbs of China. 
SALVAGE MONEY, a reward allowed 
by the civil and statute law for the saving of 
ships or goods from the danger of the seas, 
pirates, or enemies. 
Where any ship is in danger of being strand- 
ed, or driven on shore, justices of the peace 
are to command the constables to assemble 
as many persons as are necessary to preserve 
it; and on its being preserved by their means, 
the persons assisting therein shall in thirty 
days after be paid a reasonable reward for the 
salvage, otherwise the ship or goods shall re- 
main in the custody of the officers of the 
customs as a security for the same. 
SALVIA, sage, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the digynia class of plants, and in 
the natural method ranking under the 42d 
order, verticillate. The corolla is unequal ; 
and the filaments placed crosswise on a pe- 
dicle. The i»®st remarkable species, out of 
()?7 
1. The officinalis, or common large sage, 
which is cultivated in gardens, of which there 
are the following varieties: 1. The common 
green sage. 2. The wormwood sage. 3. 
The green sage with a variegated leaf. 4. 
The red sage. 5. The red sage with a va- 
riegated leaf. These are accidental varia- 
tions, and therefore are not enumerated as 
species. The common sage grows naturally 
in the southern parts of Europe, but is here 
cultivated in gardens for use; but the variety 
with red or blackish leaves is the most con * 
mon in the British gardens ; and the worm- 
wood sage is in greater plenty here than the 
common green-leaved sage, which is but in 
few gardens. 
2. The tomentosa, generally titled balsamic 
sage by the gardeners. The stalks of this 
do not grow so upright as those of the com- 
mon sage ; they are very hairy, and divide 
into several branches ; the flowers are of a 
pale blue, about the size of those of the com- 
mon sort. This sage is preferred to ali the 
others for making tea. 
3. The auriculata, common sage of virtue, 
which is also well known in the gardens and 
markets. The leaves of this are narrower 
than those of the common sort; they are 
hoary, and some of them are indented on 
their edges towards the base, which inden- 
tures have the appearance of ears. 
4. The pomifera, with spear-shaped ova^ 
entire leaves, grows naturally in Crete. 
5. and 6. The coccinea and formosa, are 
beautiful hot-house plants, with scarlet flowers. 
All the sorts of sage may be propagated by 
seeds, if they can be procured ; but, as- some 
of them do not perfect their seeds in this 
country, and most of the sorts, but especially 
the common kinds for use, are easily propa- 
gated by slips, it is not worth while to raise 
them from seeds. 
SAMARA, a genus of the monogynia or- 
der, in the tetrandria class of plants. The 
calyx is quadripartite ; the corolla tetrapeta- 
lous ; the stamina immersed in the base of 
the petal ; the stigma funnel-shaped. There 
are three species, trees of the Cape. 
SAMARITANS, an antient sect among 
the Jews, still subsisting in some parts of the 
Levant, under the same name. 
SAMBUCUS, elder, a genus of the trigy- 
nia order, in the pentandria class of plants, 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
43d order, dumosae. The calyx is quinque- 
partite; the corolla quinquefkl; the berry 
trispermous. The species are only five, and 
the most remarkable are, 
1. The nigra, or common black elder, with 
a tree-stem, branching numerously into a 
large spreading head, twenty or thirty feet 
high, and large five-parted umbels of white 
flowers towards the ends of the branches, 
succeeded by bunches of black and other 
different-coloured berries, in the varieties ; 
which are, common black-berried elder-tree, 
white-berried elder, green-berried elder, la- 
ciniated or parsley-leaved elder, having the 
folioles much laciniated, so as to resemble 
parsley-leaves, gold-striped-leaved elder, sil- 
ver-striped elder, silver-dusted elder. 
2. The racemosa, racemose red-berriecl 
elder. T his is a resident of the mountainous 
parts of the south of Europe, and is retained 
in our gardens as a flowering shrub, having a 
