•SAN 
Th-ere is only one species, viz. the indicum, 
a tees of Africa and the East Indies. 
SANGUIFICATION. See Ph ysiology. 
SAN GU i N ARIA, blood-wort,, a genus of 
the monogynia order, in the polyandria class 
of plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 27th order, rhaadeae. The corolla 
is octopetalous ; the calyx diphyllous; the 
siliqua ovate and unilocular. 'I'here is only 
one species, viz. the canadensis, a native of 
•the northern parts of America, where it grows 
plentifully in the woods ; and in the spring, 
before the leaves of the trees come out, the 
surface of the ground is in many places co- 
vered with the flowers, which have some re- 
semblance to our wood anemone ; but they 
have short naked pedicles, each supporting 
one flower at top. Some of these flowers 
will have ten or twelve petals, so that they 
appear to have a double range of leaves, 
which has occasioned their being termed 
double flowers ; but this is only accidental, 
the same roots in different years producing 
different flowers. The plant can bear the 
open air in this country, but should be placed 
in a loose soil and sheltered situation, not too 
much exposed to the sun. It is propagated 
by the roots, which may be taken up and 
parted in September every other year. The 
Indians paint themselves yellow with the 
j.uice of these plants. 
SANGUISORBA, greater roild burnet, 
a genus of the monogynia order, in the te- 
trandria class of plants, and in the natural 
method ranking under the 54th order, mis- 
cellanea;. The calyx is diphyllous ; the ger- 
men situated betwixt the calyx and corolla. 
The most remarkable species, of three, is the 
officinalis, with oval spikes. This grows na- 
turally in moist meadows in many parts of 
Britain. The cultivation of this plant has 
been greatly recommended as food to cattle. 
See Husbandry. 
SANHEDRIM, or Sanhedrin, among 
the Jews, the great council of the nation, 
consisting of seventy senators, taken partly 
from among the priests and levites, and part- 
ly out of the inferior judges, who formed 
what was called the lesser sanhedrim. The 
room they met in was a rotunda, half of 
which was built without the temple, and half 
within. The nasi, or president of the san- 
hedrim, sat upon a throne, with his deputy 
on his right hand, his sub-deputy on his left, 
and the other senators ranged in order on 
each side. The authority of this council was 
very extensive, for they decided such causes 
as were brought before them by way of ap- 
peal from the inferior courts ; and the king, 
the high priests, and prophets, were under the 
jurisdiction of this tribunal. They had the 
right of judging in capital cases, and sentence 
of death might not be pronounced in any 
other place; for which reason the Jews were 
forced to quit this hall, when the power of 
life and death was taken out of their hands, 
forty years before the destruction of the tem- 
ple, and three years before the death of 
Christ. 
There were several inferior sanhedrims in 
Palestine, each of which consisted of twenty- 
three persons; all these depended on the 
great sanhedrim of Jerusalem. 
SANICULA, sunicle or self-heal, a genus 
of the digynia order, in the pentandria class 
of plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 45th order, umbellate. The ura- 
SA ff 
bels are close together, almost in a round, 
head ; the fruit is scabrous ; the flowers of 
the disk abortive. There are three species. 
The europaea is found in many parts both of 
Scotland and England. This plant was long 
celebrated for its healing virtues both inter- 
nally and externally ; but it is now totally 
disregarded. 
SANIDIUM, in natural history, the name 
of a genus of fossils of the class of the sele- 
nitic, but neither of the rhomboidal nor co- 
lumnar kinds, nor any other way distinguish- 
able by its external figure, being made up of 
several plain flat plates. 
SANTALUM, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the octandria class of plants, and in 
the natural method ranking with those of 
which the order is doubtful. The calyx is 
superior ; the corolla monopetalous ; the 
stamina placed in the tube; the stigma is 
simple ; the fruit a berry. 
The santalum, sanders or sandel wood, 
grows to the size of a walnut-tree. Its leaves 
are entire, oval, and placed opposite to each 
other. Its wood is white in the circumference, 
and yellow in the centre, when the tree is 
old. This difference of colour constitutes 
two kinds of sanders, both employed for the 
same purposes, and having equally a bitter 
taste, and an aromatic smell. With the pow- 
der of this wood a paste is prepared, with 
which the Chinese, Indians, Persians, Ara- 
bians, and Turks, anoint their bodies. It is 
likewise burnt in their houses, and yields a 
fragrant and wholesome smell. The greatest 
quantity of this wood, to which a sharp and 
attenuating virtue is ascribed, remains in In- 
dia. The red sanders, though in less estima- 
tion, and less generally used, is sent by pre- 
ference into Europe. This is the produce 
of a different tree, which is common on the 
coast of Coromandel. Some travellers con- 
found it with the wood of Caliatour, which is 
used in dyeing. 
The santalum album, of white sanders, is 
brought from the East Indies in billets about 
the thickness of a man’s leg, of a pale-whitish 
colour. It is that part of the yellow sanders 
wood which lies next the bark. Great part 
of it, as met with in the shops, has no smell 
or taste, nor any sensible quality that can re- 
commend it to the notice of the physician. 
The santalum flavum, or yellow sanders, • 
is the interior part of the wood of the same 
tree which furnishes the former, is of a pale 
yellowish colour, of a pleasant smell, and a 
bitterish aromatic taste, accompanied with 
an agreeable kind of pungency. This ele- 
gant wood might undoubtedly be applied to 
valuable medical purposes, though at present 
very rarely used. Distilled with water, it 
yields a fragrant essential oil, which thickens 
in the cold into the consistence of a balsam. 
Digested in pure spirit, it imparts a rich yellow 
tincture ; which being committed to distilla- 
tion, the spirit arises without bringing over 
any thing considerable of the flavour of the 
sanders. The residuum contains the virtues 
of six times its weight of the wood. Hoff- 
man looks upon this extract as a medicine of 
similar virtues to ambergris; and recom- 
mends it as an excellent restorative in great 
debilities. 
SANTOLINA, lavender-cotton, a genus 
of the order of polygamia asqualis, in the syn- 
genesia class of plants, and in the natural 
method ranking under the 49th order, com- 
412 
S A t* flif 1 
pofltj?. The receptacle is paleaceous ; there 
is no pappus ; the calyx imbricated and he- 
mispherical. There are six species. The 
most remarkable are, 
1 . Chamaj'cyparisus, or common lavender- 
cotton, which lias been long known in' the 
English gardens. It was formerly titled 
abrotanum feeminea, or female southernwood,- 
and by the corruption of words was called 
brotany by the market-people. It grows 
naturally in Spain, Italy, and the warm parts 
of Europe. 2. The rosmarinifolia. 3. The 
anthemoides. 
All these plants may be cultivated so as t® 
become ornaments to a garden, particularly 
in small bosquets of evergreen shrubs, where, 
if they are artfully intermixed with other 
plants of the same growth, and placed in the 
front line, they will make an agreeable va- 
riety. They may be propagated by planting 
slips or cuttings during the spring. 
SANIES, in medicine, a serous putrid 
matter, issuing from wounds ; it differs from 
pus, which is thicker and white. 
SAP. See Plants, physiology of 
Sap, or Sapp, in the art of war, is the dig- 
ging deep under the earth of the glacis, in 
order to open a covered passage into the 
moat. It is only a deep trench, covered at 
top with boards, hurdles, earth, sand-bags, 
&c. and is usually begun five or six fathoms 
from the saliant angle of the glacis'. See For- 
tification. 
Sap-colours, a name given to various 
expressed juices of a viscid nature, which are 
inspissated by slow evaporation for the ufee 
of painters ; as sap-green, gamboge, &c. 
SAP1NDUS, the soap-berry tree, a genus 
of the trigynia order, in the octandria class 
of plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 23d order, trihilatae. The calyx is 
tetraphyllous ; the petals four; the capsules 
are fleshy, connate, and ventricose. 
The species are 13, of which the most 
noted are, the saponaria, spinosus, trifoliatus, 
and chincnsis. The saponaria, with winged 
leaves, grows naturally in the islands of the 
West Indies, where it rises with a woody 
stalk from 20 to 30 feet high, sending out 
many branches with winged ieaves composed 
of several pair of spear-shaped lobes. The 
flowers are produced in loose spikes at the 
end of the branches ; they are small and 
white, so make no great appearance, These 
are succeeded by oval berries as large as 
middling cherries, sometimes single, at others, 
two, three, or four are joined together ; these 
have a saponaceous skin or cover, which in- 
closes a very smooth roundish nut of the"’ 
same form, of a shining black when ripe. 
The skin or pulp which surrounds the nuts 
is used in America to wash linen; hut it is 
very apt to burn and destroy it if often used, 
being of a very acrid nature. 
These plants are propagated by seeds, and 
kept in the stove. 
SAPONARIA, sopeicort, a genus of the 
digynia order, in the decandria class of plants, 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
22 d order, caryophylleie. The calyx is mo- 
nophyllous and naked ; there are five ungu- 
lated petals ; the capsule is oblong and uni- 
locular. 
There are nine species, the officinalis, vac- 
caria, cretica, porrigens, ill yrica, ocymoides, 
orientalis, lutea, and bellidifolia. The offici- 
nalis, which is a British plant, has a creeping 
