S C A 
s c ir 
SCH 
625 
summer, frequenting various plants anti flow- 
ers ; its larva or caterpillar is commonly 
found in the hollows of old trees, or among 
the loose dry soil at their roots, and some- 
times in the earth of ant-hills. It remains 
about three years before it changes to a pupa 
or chrysalis, out of which the insect emerges 
in a short time afterwards. 
This may be sufficient for a general idea of 
the Linna-an genus scarabams. It may be 
added that the species are extremely nume- 
rous, and that so great is the singularity of 
appearance in many kinds, that even the 
most romantic imagination can hardly con- 
ceive a structure of horn or process which is 
not exemplified in some of the tribe. See 
Plate Nat. Hist. lig. 353. 
SCARIFICATION, in surgery, the ope- 
ration of making several incisions in the skin 
by means of lancets, or other instruments, 
particularly the cupping-instrument. 
SCARLET, a beautiful bright red. See 
Dyeing. 
SCARF’S, a genus of fishes of the order 
thoracici. The generic character is, jaws 
Irony, divided in the middle, crenated on the 
edge; the teeth connate and conglomerate. 
There are 15 species. The most remarkable 
are, 1. Scares Cretensis, Cretan scarus. 
General length about 12 inches ; body broad, 
sloping, scales extremely large, lateral line 
ramified on every scale over which it passes. 
Native of the Mediterranean, and particular- ' 
ly about the coasts of Crete, but is also found : 
in the Indian seas. 
2. Scams rivulatus, rivulated scarus. Na- 
tive of the Red Sea, observed by Forskal : 
said to arrive at a great size; scales very 
small; dorsal and anal fin occasionally recum- 
bent in a channel; tail forked; supposed to 
feed principally on the different kinds of 
•fuci, and considered as an edible fish ; but i 
said to be sometimes productive of disagree- i 
able symptoms from the wounds inflicted by 
the sharp jays of its dorsal fin. 
3. Scarus purpuratus, purpled scarus, an ; 
elegant species; in habit allied to the labri: 
body abruptly lanceolate ; the purple stripes 
©n the body serrated at their upper edges: 
pectoral fins green, and marked at the tip by 
a large lunated, marginal, black spot: dorsal 
and anal marked towards the base by a pur- 
ple stripe; ventral tins blue: tail marked 
with longitudinal purple spots, and on each 
side by a purple stripe ; shape slightly 
rounded; lateral line ramified; scales lax, as 
in the mullet. Native of the Arabian seas; 
observed by Forskal. 
SCAVAGE, a toll or custom antiently ex- 
acted by mayors, sheriffs, and bailiffs, of ci- 
ties anil towns-corporate, and of merchant- 
strangers, for wares exposed and offered to 
sale within their liberties, which was prohi- 
bited by 19 Hen. VII. But the city of Lon- 
don still retains this custom. 
SCAVENGERS, two officers annually 
chosen in every parish in London and its 
suburbs, by the churchwardens, constables, 
and 'other inhabitants, to hire persons called 
rakers, with carts, to clean the streets, and 
carry away the dirt and filth, with the ashes 
and dust from every house. For which pur- 
pose a scavenger’s tax may be made and le- 
vied on the inhabitants, being allowed by the 
justices of the peace; but it must not exceed 
Vol. II. 
fourpenee in the pound, on the rent paid for 
the houses. Persons who refuse to take 
upon themselves the office of scavenger, for- 
feit ten pounds. 2 W. and M. c. 2. 1 Geo. 
I. c. 43. 10 Geo. II. c. 22. 
SCENOGR A PI I Y, in perspective, the 
perspective representation of a body on a 
plane; ora description and view of it in all 
its parts and dimensions, such as it appears to 
the eye in any oblique view. 
This differs essentially from the ichnogra- 
phy and the orthography. The ichnogra- 
phy ol a building, &c. represents the plan or 
ground-work of the building, or section pa- 
rallel to it; and the orthography the eleva- 
tion, or front, or one side, also in its natural 
dimensions ; but the scenography exhibits the 
whole of the building that appears to the eye, 
front, sides, height, and all, not in their real 
dimensions or extent, but raised on the geo- 
metrical plan in perspective. 
In architecture and fortification, scenogra- 
phy is the manner of delineating the several 
parts of a building or fortress, as they are re- 
presented in perspective. 
To exhibit the scenography of any body. 1 . 
Lay down the basis, ground-plot, or plan, of 
the body, in the perspective ichnography ; 
that is, draw the perspective appearance of 
the plan or basement, by the proper rules of 
perspective. 2. Upon the several points of 
the perspective plan, raise the perspective 
heights, and connect the tops of them by the 
proper slope or oblique lines. So will the 
scenography of the body be completed, when 
a proper shade is added. See Perspec- 
tive. 
SCEPTRE, one of the six new constella- 
tions of the southern hemisphere, consisting 
of seventeen stars. See Astronomy. 
SCILT.FFERA, a genus of the tetrandria 
order, in the dioecia class of plants; and in 
the natural method ranking with those that 
are do-ivbtful. The calyx is quadripetalous; 
the corolla is quadripetalous, quinquepeta- 
lous, and often wanting; the fruit is a bilocu- 
lar berry, with one seed. Of this there are 
two species, both natives of Jamaica; and 
grow in the lowlands near the sea, viz. 1 . The 
completa. 2. Lateriflora. 
SCMERARDIA, a genus of the monogy- 
nia order, in the tetrandria class of plants. 
The corolla is monopetalous and funnel- 
shaped ; there are two three-toothed seeds. 
SCHEUCIIZERIA, a genus of the tri- 
| gynia order, in the hexandria class of plants ; 
; and in the natural method ranking under the 
fifth order, tripetaloideax The caiyx is sex- 
partite ; there is no corolla, nor are there 
any styles ; there are three inflated and mo- 
nqspermous capsules. Eleven species. 
SCIll EFERSPAR, a mineral ranked 
among the species of carbonat of lime. Co- 
lour greyish, reddish, greenish, or yellowish 
white. Found massive : texture curve foli- 
ated: brittle: feels unctuous, and may be 
scratched by the nail. Specific gravity 27. 
It is composed of carbonat of lime, with a 
small portion of silica and oxide of iron. 
SCHINUS, a genus of the deeandria or- 
der, in the dioecia class of plants; and in the 
natural method ranking under the 43rd order, 
dumosse. The male calyx isquinquefid; the 
petals five. The female flower is the same 
as in the male ; the berry tricoccous. There 
are two species, of South America, 
SCIIIROCCd. See Wind. 
SCHISTUS, in mineralogy, a name given 
to several different kinds. of stones, but more 
especially to some of the argillaceous kind ; 
as, l. Tiie blueish purple schistus, schistus ' 
tegularis, or common roof-slate. This is su 
sott, that it may be slightly scraped with the 
nail, and is of a very brittle lamellated texr 
ture, of the specific gravity of 2.876. It is 
fusible per se in a strong heat, and runs into a 
black scoria. By a chemical analysis it is 
found to consist of 26 parts of argillaceous 
earth, 46 of silex, 8 of magnesia, 4 of lime, 
and 14 of iron. The dark-blue slate, or 
schistus scriptorius, contains more magnesia 
and less iron than the common purple schis- 
tus, and effervesces more briskly with acids. 
Its specific gravity is 2.701. 2. The pyritace- 
ous schistus is of a grey colour, brown, blue, 
or black ; and capable of more or less decom- 
position by exposure to the air, according to 
the quantity of pyritous matter it contains, 
and the state of the iron in it. The alumi- 
nous schistus belongs to this species. 3. The 
bituminous schistus is generally black, and of 
a lamellated texture, of various degrees of 
hardness, not giving fire with steel, but emit- 
ting a strong smell when heated, and some- 
times without being heated. M. Magellan 
mentions a specimen which burns like coal, 
with a strong smell of mineral bitumen, but 
of a yellowish brown, or rather dark ash-co- 
lour, found in Yorkshire. This kind of 
schistus does not show any white mark when 
scratched, like the. other schistus. 
SCIILEFFLERA, a genus of the class 
and order pentandria decagytiia. The calyx 
is five-toothed ; corolla hve-petalled ; cap- 
sule eight or ten celled; seeds solitary, semi- 
circular. There is one species, of New 
Zealand. 
SCHMIDELTA, a genus of the digynia 
order, in the octandria class of plants. The 
calyx is diphyllous; the corolla tetrapeta- 
lous; the germina pedicel latcxl, and longer 
than the flower. There is one species, a tree 
of the East Indies. 
SCIIOENUS, a genus of the monogvnia 
order, in the triandria class of plants; and in 
the natural method ranking under the third 
order, calamariax The glumes are paleace- 
ous, univalved, and thick-set ; there is no co- 
rolla, and only one roundish seed between the 
glumes. There are 41 species. 
SCHOLIUM, a note, annotation, or re- 
mark, occasionally made on some passage, 
or proposition, of an old author. This term 
is much used in geometry, and other parts of 
mathematics, where after demonstrating a 
proposition, it is customary to point out how 
it might he done some other way, or to give 
some advice, or precaution, in order to p e- 
vent mistakes, or add some particular use or 
application of it. 
SCHOTIA, a genus of the monogvnia 
order, in the deeandria class of plants; and 
in the natural method ranking under (ha 
33d order, lomentaceax The calyx is seun- 
quinquefid ; the corolla has five petals, which 
are equal; the tube is turbinated, carnous 
and persistent; the legumen pedicellated' 
and contains two seeds. There is only or e 
species, viz. the speemsa, or African lignum 
vitae. 
SCIIEADERA, a genus of the class and 
order hexandria monogvnia. The caiyx R 
