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It is now requisite to turn our attention to 
England ; where, although the early period 
of the kingdom have left many memorials 
of the talents of our artists, the present school 
of sculpture is of a very recent date. From 
the time of the Reformation, the art of sculp- 
ture lias been almost wholly in the hands of 
foreign artists. Cibber, Gibbons, Rysbrack, 
Scheemaker, Roubiliac, and some others, 
were employed on all public occasions to the 
exclusion of native artists. 
The principal works of Cibber are the 
statues on the front of Bedlam, those of se- 
veral of our kings round the Royal Exchange, 
and others at Chatsworth and Cambridge. 
He was the father of the celebrated dramatic 
writer Colley Cibber. 
Of GrinlingGibbons is a statue in bronze of 
James II. now in Scotland-yard, in the Ro- 
man costume. In minute ornaments, carved 
in wood, Gibbons has few equals. His works 
of that kind are frequent: some of the best 
are at lord Egrement’s at Petworth, Windsor, 
and the duke of Norfolk’s at Holm Lacey. 
In the chapel of Trinity-college, Oxford, 
are other striking proofs of his genius. 
Rysbrack’s first appearance in England 
was about the year 1720, when the statuaries 
of Paris, particularly Le Paiitre, Vancleve, 
Bouchardon, and Le Gros, enjoyed the first 
reputation, and had many scholars, whose 
invention was exhausted in the classical fop- 
peries of the royal gardens. Wherever he 
acquired the elements of his art, he displayed 
talents of a masterly artist in England. His 
bronze equestrian statue of king William at 
Bristol, and his monument of bishop Hough 
in Worcester-cathedral, are counted among 
Iiis superior works. 
Some of the busts by his hand are, John 
Baliol, king of Scots, at Balioi college Al- 
fred, at the university, finished by Wilton; 
Gibbs, the architect, in the lladclilf library ; 
Dr. R. Friend, archbishop Boulter, and pro- 
bably the busts of George I. and If. at Christ- 
church. 
• 
Scheemakers has left many valuable works: 
his statue of Shakspeare, on the monument 
of our immortal bard, in Westminster-abbey, 
procured him the greatest celebrity. 
Roubiliac was a native of Lyons, a city 
which has given birth to several French 
sculptors ; to Coysevox, N. Ooustou, and 
l’Amoureux, the cotemporary of Roubiliac, 
and with some probability his fellow-scholar 
under Coustou. There is a want of simpli- 
city in tire works of this artist, from which 
the celebrated statue of Newton at Trinity- 
college, Cambridge, is by no means exempt. 
Mr. Nightingale’s monument in West- 
minster-abbey, says Walpole, although finely 
thought and well executed, is more theatric 
than sepulchral. 
At Christchurch are fine busts of Dr. Mat- 
thew Lee, Dr. R. Frewen, and one of the 
founders at All-souls. 
Since the time of the foreign artists above 
mentioned, many eminent English sculptors 
have appeared, whose works are to be found 
in our churches and other public buildings. 
Wilton, Nollekens, Banks, Bacon, Flaxman, 
Westmacott, are some of the most conspi- 
cuous names of out modern school. Wilton 
executed some good monuments in West- 
jniuster-abbey ; Nollekens has established a ! 
SCY 
fame which has stood the test of a long life 
of constant practice, and remains unuimi- 
nished. 
The characteristic merits of Banks and 
Bacon are thus described by Mr. Hoare, in 
his inquiry into the State of The Arts in 
England. “ Banks was among those who 
most zealously sought the enlargement of 
professional knowledge in the stores of Rome. 
A mind ardently roused to competition with 
the works of excellence which he beheld, 
and a hand trained from infancy to a ready 
expression of his conceptions, imparted to 
his productions an air of antient art. 
“ Bacon’s genius was of native growth ; 
he traversed no distant regions for improve- 
ment of his art, but drew from the researches 
of others sufficient food for an active and 
ready fancy. His conceptions were quick 
and sparkling, his execution polished, and 
his whole work characteristically graceful.” 
The sculpture of Flaxman denotes a chaste 
and correct taste, founded on the most cri- 
tical study of the works of Grecian art. 
Westmacott is an able pupil of the Vene- 
tian Canova. 
England also boasts her female sculptors. 
The Hon. Mrs. Darner, and the illustrious 
a tress Siddons, have shewn distinguished ta- 
lents in this art. 
SCURVY. See Medicine, Vol. II. p. 
154, col. 2. 
SCUTAGE was antiently a tax imposed 
on such as held lands, &c. by knight’s ser- 
vice, towards furnishing the king’s army : 
hence scutagio habendo was a writ that lay 
for the king, or other lord, against tenants 
holding bv knight’s service, to serve in per- 
son, or send a sufficient man in their room, 
or pay a certain sum, &c. 
SCUTELLARIA, scull-cap, a genus of 
tlie gymnospermia order, in the didynamia 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 40th order, personatse. 
The calyx is short, tubulated, has the mouth 
entire, and close after {lowering. There are 
two species in Britain, the galericulata and 
minor. 1. The galericulata, blue scull-cap, 
or hooded willow-herb. It grows on the 
banks of rivers and lakes, is bitter, and has a 
garlic smell. 2. Minor, little red scuil-cap, 
or willow-herb. The stalks are about eight 
inches high; the leaves are heart-shaped, 
oval ; the flowers are purple. It grows in 
fens, and on the sides of lakes. There are 
fourteen other species. 
SCUTTLES, in a ship, square holes'- cut 
in the deck, big enough to let in the body 
of a man, serving to let people down into 
any room below upon occasion, or from one 
deck to another. They are generally before 
the main-mast, before the knight in the fore- 
castle ; in the gun room, to go down to the 
stern-sheets; in the round-house, to go down 
into the captain's cabin, when forced by the 
enemy in a fight aloft. There are also some 
smaller scuttles, which have gratings over 
them : and all of them have covers that 
people may not fall down through them in 
the night. 
Scuttle is also a name given those little 
windows and long holes which are cut out in 
cabins to let in light. 
SC YLLARUS, a genus of insects, accord- 
ing to Fabrieius, of the order apt-era; but by 
the Linnisan system it is ranked with the ge- 
nus cancer. See Plate Nat. Hist. tig. 358. 
SCYLLEA, a genus of insects of the 
order vermes mollusca. The generic cha- 
racter is, body compressed, and grooved along 
the back; mouth consisting of a terminal 
toothless aperture; tentacula three on each 
side, and placed beneath. There are two 
species. 
SCYTHROPS, a genus of birds of the 
order pic;e. The generic character is, bill 
large, convex, sharp-edged, channelled at 
the sides, hooked at the point ; nostrils naked, 
rounded at the base of the bill ; tongue car- 
tilaginous, split at the point ; feet* climbers. 
There is but a single species, viz. the psitta- 
cus, which inhabits New South Wales ; the 
size of a crow, but from tho length of the 
tail measures 26 inches long. 
6 FA, in a strict sense, signifies a large 
portion of water almost surrounded by land, 
as the Baltic and Mediterranean seas ; but it 
is frequently used for that vast body of water 
which encompasses the whole earth.. See 
Ocean. 
What proportion the superficies of the sea 
bears to that of the land, cannot easily be 
ascertained. Button has supposed that the sur- 
face of our globe is equally divided between 
land and water, and has accordingly calculat- 
ed the superficies of the sea to be 85,490,506 
square miles. But it is now well known 
that the ocean covers much more than half 
of the earth’s surface. Button believed the 
existence of a vast southern continent, which 
captain Cook has shewn to be visionary. It 
was this circumstance which misled him. Ac- 
cording to the most accurate observations 
hitherto made, the surface of the sea is to 
the land as three to one; the ocean, there- 
fore, extends over 128,235,759 square miles, 
supposing the superficies of the whole globe 
to be 170,981,012 square miles. To ascer- 
tain the depth of the sea is still more difficult 
than its superficies ; both on account of the 
numerous experiments which it would be 
necessary to make, and the want of proper 
instruments for that purpose. Beyond a cer- 
tain depth the sea lias hitherto been found 
unfathomable ; and though several very 
ingenious methods have been contrived 
to obviate this difficulty, none of them lias 
completely answered the purpose. We 
know in general that the deptii of the sea in- 
creases gradually as we leave the shore ; but 
if this continued beyond a certain distance, 
the depth in the middle of the ocean would 
be prodigious. Indeed the numerous islands 
every where scattered in the sea demonstrate 
the contrary, by showing us that the bottom 
of the water is unequal like the land; and 
that, so far from uniformly sinking, it some- 
times rises into lofty mountains. If tire 
depth of the sea is in proportion to the ele- 
vation of the land, as lias generally been 
supposed, its greatest depth will not exceed 
five or six miles, for there is no moun- 
tain six miles perpendicular above the le- 
vel of the sea. 'The sea has never been ac- 
tually sounded to a greater depth than a mile 
and sixty-six feet ; every thing beyond that 
therefore rests entirely upon conjecture and 
analogical reasoning, which ought never to 
be admitted to determine a single point that 
can be ascertained by experiment, because, 
when admitted, they have too often led to 
false conclusions. Along the coasts, where 
