70(5 
Equestrian, generally of some illustrious 
person on horseback. 
Pedestrian ; or on foot. 
i he most celebrated statues are those of 
the Egyptians, (Grecians, and Romans. Of 
the Fgy ptian statues, sufficient has been said 
under tiie article sculpture. See Sculp- 
ture. Of the Grecian and Roman we pro- 
pose to add some important particulars. 
Statues, antique. The denomination of 
antique statues is applicable to all antient 
statues, found either in India, Egypt, &c. ; 
but is especially given, in preference, to the 
statues wrought by the antient Greek and 
Roman sculptors. The works of the Gre- 
cians are considered as the most perfect ex- 
amples of sculpture. Their statues are emi- 
nently admirable for the various beauty of 
their forms, for characteristic expression and 
grace. See Sculfture. 
J he Grecian statues of men are generally 
naked. The Roman are clothed agreeably 
to the manner of the country, and are dis- 
tinguished into 
Palludatse (status;), those of emperors with 
long robes over their armour. 
Loricata’, those of soldiers with cuirasses. 
I horacata?, .those with coats of armour. 
r l ogatax those of magistrates with the 
toga, or robe worn in office. 
'l rabeata; ; those of senators and augurs. 
I unicatas, those clothed with a plain tunic. 
Stolatae, those of women with long trains. 
1 he antique statues are most particularly 
remarkable for their systematic representa- 
tion ot the human form. As the principle 
most apparent in their system is that of pro- 
portions, we shall give, first, an account of 
their general proportions to which they 
chiefly adhered, and next, an accurate mea- 
surement of the various parts of the body, 
taken at Rome, from some of their most ce- 
lebrated original statues. 
It is to be observed, however, that although 
the inferior antique possesses little other 
merit than that of proportion, the excellence 
of the finer works of Greece is 6f a much 
more comprehensive description. 
Proportions of the antique statues. 
Proportion is the basis of beauty, and there 
can be no beauty without it ; on the con- 
trary, proportion may exist where there is 
little beauty. Experience teaches us, that 
knowledge is distinct from taste ; and pro- 
portion, therefore, which is founded on know- 
ledge, may be strictly observed in any figure, 
and yet the figure have no pretens'ons to 
beauty. The antients considering ideal beau- 
ty as the most perfect, have frequently em- 
ployed it in preference to the beauty of na- 
ture. 
It is probable that the Grecian, as well as 
the Egyptian artists, determined the great and 
small proportions by fixed rules ; that they 
established a positive measure for the di- 
mensions of length, breadth, and circumfer- 
ence. This supposition alone can enable us 
to account for the great conformity which 
we meet with in antient statues. Winkelman 
thinks that the foot was the measure which 
the antients used in all their great dimen- 
sions, and that it was by the length of it that 
they regulated the measure of their figures 
by giving to them six times that length. 
This, in fact, is the length which Vitruvius 
assigns. L. 3, cap. l. That celebrated archi- 
STATUES, 
tect thinks the foot is a more determinate 
measure than the head or the face, the parts 
irom which modern painters and sculptors 
often take their proportions. This propor- 
tion of the foot to the body, which lias ap- 
peared strange and incomprehensible to the 
learned Lluetius, and lias been entirely re- 
jected by Renault, is, however, founded 
upon experience. After measuring with 
great care a vast number of figuies, Win- 
k elm an found this proportion not only 
in Egyptian statues, but also in those of 
Greece. This fact may be determined by 
an inspection of those statues, the feet of 
which are perfect; and one may be more 
fully convinced of it by examining some 
figures of the Greek divinities, in which the 
artists have made some parts beyond their 
natural dimensions. In the Apollo Belvedere, 
which is a little more than seven heads high, 
the foot is three Roman inches longer than 
the head. The head of the Venus de Medi- 
cis is very small, and the height of the sta- 
tue is seven heads and a half ; the foot is three 
inches and a ‘half longer than the head, or 
precisely the sixth part of the length of the 
whole statue. 
Other writers are of opinion, that the fol- 
lowing rules form a principal part of the sys- 
tem of Grecian sculpture : 
The body consists of three parts, as well as 
the members. The three parts of the body 
are, the trunk, the thighs, and the legs. The 
inferior part of the body are the thighs, the 
legs, and the feet. The arms also consist of 
three parts. These three parts must bear a 
certain proportion to the whele, as well as 
to one another. In a well formed man, the 
head and body must be proportioned to the 
thighs, the legs, and the feet, in the same 
manner as the thighs are proportioned to the 
legs and the feet, or the arms to the hands. 
The face also consists of three parts, that is, 
three times the length of the nose ; but the 
head is not four times the length of the nose, 
as some writers have asserted. From the 
place where the hair begins to the crown of 
the head, are only three-fourths of the length 
of the nose, or that part is to the nose as 9 
to 12. 
Measurements taken at Rome from 
ORIGINAL ANTIQUE STATUES. 
Hercules ( Farnese ) . 
Length of the face as nearly as can be found, 
1 1 inches and a h*df. 
From the pit between the clavicles to the 
bottom of the belly, 2 feet 10 inches. 
From the point of the (right) os ilium to the 
top of the petella, the same, viz. 2 feet 10 
inches. 
From the top of the patella to the sole of the 
^ right foot, 2 feet 10 inches and a half. 
From the top of the head as nearly as can be 
guessed, to the bottom of the belly, 4 feet 
2 inches and a half. 
From the bottom of the belly to the sole of 
the foot, 5 feet 2 inches and three-fourths. 
Colossal Commodus ( of the Capitol). 
Length of the face from the top of the fore- 
head to the bottom of the chin, as nearly 
as can be guessed, (the hair being down on 
the forehead) 3 feet 2 inches. 
Flora (Farnese). 
From the pit between the clavicles to the 
bottom of the belly ; from the point, of the 
(right) os ilium to the centre oi the patella ; 
and from the centre of the patella to the 
sole of the foot, exactly equal. 
From the pit between the clavicles to the 
right nipple, 14 inches and a half. 
From the bottom of the belly to the sole of 
the foot, 5 leet S inches. 
Length of the leg from the centre of the pa- 
tella to the sole of the foot, 3 feet 1 inch. 
The measurements of the four following 
female statues, have for their rule the real 
length of their respective faces, divided into 
three parts,, and those parts subdivided into 
twelve minutes. See Plate No. 9, (entitled 
Antique Statues.) 
Venus de Medicis. 
From the bottom of the right ear to the pit 
between the clavicles, 3 parts. 
From the bottom of the lett ditto to the said 
pit, 2 parts 9 minutes. 
From the said pit to the bottom of the ster- 
num, as near as can be found, 3 parts 6 
minutes and one-third. 
From the said pit to the bottom of the belly, 
as near as can be found, 9 parts 1 minute 
and three-fourths. 
From the point of the (right) os ilium, as near 
as can be found, to the centre of the patella, 
9 parts 4 minutes and one-third. 
From the said pit to the right pap, 3 parts 5 
minutes ; to the left ditto, 3 parts 6 mi- 
nutes. 
From the centre of the right patella 'to the 
sole of the foot, 9 parts 8 minutes and one- 
third. 
From the point of the left ilium, as near as 
can be found, to the centre of the patella, 
9 parts 1 minute. 
From the centre of the said patella to the sole 
of 1 he foot, 9 parts. 
Length of the right foot from the heel to the 
joint of the great toe, 4 parts 9 minutes and 
two-thirds. 
Length of I he left ditto, 4 parts 8 minutes. 
Breadth of the face from ear to ear, 2 parts 
3 minutes. 
From the right ear to the tip of the nose, 2 
parts- 1 minute and one-third. 
Thickness of the neck, measured with the 
face in front, 1 part 1 1 minutes and a half. 
Distance from pap to pap, 3 parts 11 mi- 
nutes. 
From point to point of the ileum, as near as 
can be found, 4 parts and half a minute. 
Breadth of the shoulder, just below the heads 
of the humerus, measured obliquely, viz. 
parallel with the shoulders, 7 parts 9 mi- 
nutes and a half. 
Breadth of the breast, from the point where 
the pectoral and deltoid muscles join, 5 
parts 5 minutes and one-fourth. 
Narrowest part of the body, a little above the 
navel, 4 parts 9 minutes and a half. 
Breadth of the hips, measured upon the ilium 
under the obliq. descend. 6 parts 4 minutes 
and a half. 
Thickest part of the right thigh measured 
as near as can be across the centre of the 
rectus, 3 parts 6 minutes. 
Thickness of the said knee across the centre 
of the patella, 2 parts 1 minute. 
Thickest part of the calf of the said leg, 2 
parts 2 minutes and a half. 
Small ditto, just above the ancle, 1 p.srl 2 
minutes and three-fourtlis. 
