STO 
$ T II 
720 
.proves tlie tone, as much as it increases the 
peal of the chorus. Unisonous with the dia- 
pasons, it strengthens the foundation, subdues 
the dissonances of the thirds and fifths of t lie 
sesquialtera, and imparts to the compound a 
richness and grandeur of effect adequate to 
the subiimest subjects 
Clarion or octave trumpet stop. A reed 
stop resembling tiie tone of the trumpet, as 
may be inferred from its name ; but the scale 
of which is an octave higher than tire trumpet 
stop. Tips stop forms a brilliant supplement 
to tiie chorus, and is judiciously employed on 
-occasions which require every power of the 
instrument ; but should not be commonly 
opened, or indeed, ever without tire other 
stops. 
1'ierccs'op. A stop which is tuned a major 
third higher than the fifteenth, and only em- 
ployed iu the full organ. 
Larigot stop, or octave twelfth. A stop, 
stjje scale of which is an octave above the 
-twelfth. Only used in the full organ. 
Cornet stop. A stop consisting of five 
pipes to each note, tuned somewhat in the 
manner of the sesquialtera, having, beside the 
unison of the diapason, its thud. fifth, eighth, 
•and seventeenth. The cornet being only a 
treble stop, it is employed in parish-churches 
in conjunction with the diapason iu interludes, 
alul the giving out of the psalms. 
Duldaria stop. A stop in the choir organ 
of a peculiar sweetness of tone, which it 
chiefly derives from the bodies of its pipes 
being longer and smaller than those of the 
pipes of other stops. It is in unison with 
the diapasons, and equals them in compass 
upward, but only descends to G gamut. 
flute stop. A stop imitative of the com- 
mon flute, or flageolet. It is in' unison with 
the principal, but of a much softer tone than 
that stop. 
Bassoon stop. A reed stop imitative of the 
instrument from which it derives its name. 
This stop, so far as it extends upward in the 
scale, is in unison with the diapasons, iu 
company with which it oniy ought to be 
used. 
fox humana stop. A reed stop, the tone of 
which, as its name implies, resembles the hu- 
man voice. The quality of this stop is seldom 
so good as to render it agreeable when heard 
alone; it is therefore advantageously blended 
with the diapasons, with which it is in unison. 
Hautboif stop. A reed stop voiced in imi- 
tation of the hautboy, it in unison with the 
diapasons, with which it only should be 
vised. 
Cremona stop. A reed stop in unison with 
the diapasons. The name of this slop has 
induced most organ-builders erroneously to 
suppose that it was originally meant as an 
imitation of the Cremona violin; but the 
writers best informed upon the subject inform 
us, that it was designed to imitate an antient 
instrument calted a krum-horn, which word 
has been corrupted into cremona. 
STOPPAGE, for the subsistence of the 
sick. In the regulations for the better ma- 
nagement of the sick in regimental hospitals, 
it is particularly laid down, under the head 
subsistence, page 16, that, sufficient funds 
should be established for the support of the 
sick without any additional charge to govern- 
ment; and at the same time, that the sick 
soldier should be provided with every rea- 
sonable comfort and indulgence that can be 
STR 
afforded. The sum of four shillings per 
week irom the pay of each soldier will, under 
proper regulations, and with strict economy, 
be sufficient for this purpose; which sum is 
to be retained by the paymaster of the regi- 
ment. 
I he sick are to be furnished with bread 
made of the finest wheat-flour, and fresh 
meat, perfectly good and wholesome. 
Tnat the greatest economy may be used 
in haying out tne money for the sick, every 
article ought to be purchased by the sur- 
geon, who is required to keep a book, in 
which he is to enter the amount of the week- 
ly consumption of each man according to the 
diet table; and this book, with the diet 
table, is to be laid before the commanding 
officer and pay mat er every week, to be ex- 
amined and signed by each. 
Stoppages, in a military sense, deductions 
from a soldier’s pay, the better to provide 
him with necessaries, &c. A soldier should 
never be put under a greater weekly stoppage 
from his pay, than what will afterwards leave 
him a sufficiency for messing. Since the 
abolition of arrears a regulation has taken 
place, by which soldiers are directed to be 
stopped one shilling and sixpence per week 
in the infantry, and to be accounted with on 
the 24th of every month, 
STORAX. See Styrax, and Resins. 
STORES. If any person who has the 
charge or custody of any of the king’s ar- 
mour, ordnance, ammunition, shot, powder, 
or habiliments of war, or of any victuals for j 
victualling the navy, shall, to hinder his ma- j 
jesty’s service, embezzle, purloin, or convey \ 
away the same to the value of 20s. or shall j 
steal or embezzle any of his majesty’s sails, ! 
cordage, or any other of his naval stores, to 
the value of 20s. he shall be adjudged guilty 
of felony without benefit of clergy. 22 Car. 
II. c. 5. 
The treasurer, comptroller, surveyor, clerk 
of the acts, or any commissioner of the navy, 
may act as justices in causing the offender to ! 
he apprehended, committed, and prosecuted 
for the same. 9 G. III. c. 30. 
If any person shall wilfully and maliciously 
set on fire, burn, or destroy, any of his ma- 
jesty’s military, naval, or victualling stores, 
or other ammunition of war, or any place 
where any -such stores or ammunition shall 
be kept, he and his abettors shall be guilty of 
felony without benefit of clergy. 12 Geo. III. 
c. 24. 
STORK. See Ardea. 
STOVE, in gardening. See Hot-house. 
STRANDED, among seamen, is said of 
a ship that is driven ashore by a tempest, or 
runs on ground through ill steerage, and so 
perishes. Where any vessel is stranded, the 
justices of the peace are impowered to com- 
mand the constables near the sea-coast to 
call assistance, in order to preserve the same 
if possible. 
STRANGURY. See Medicine. 
STRAP, in a ship, is a rope spliced about 
any block, or made with an eye, to fasten it 
any where, on occasion. 
STRATA, in natural history, the several 
beds or layers of different matters, whe eof 
the body of the earth is composed. See 
Earth, structure of. 
SRTATI EIC ATI ON of the earth. Scarce- 
ly any of the natural phenomena have been 
so slightly treated of by the plfilosop] ■ ers of | 
the present and past ages, as the strata of tiie ; 
earth. Few, if any, among the writers on. : 
his curious and interesting subject, have 
distinguished between the undisturbed or re- ’ 
gular strata, forming the solid matter of the i 
earth, and the alluvial or mixed, violently ; 
moved, and worn substances, which are found 
upon its surface ; while these again, in their \ 
observations, have been in too many in- 
stances confounded with the alluvial dope- j 
sitions of rivers and the ocean, formed in mo-, 
dern times, or since they have been confined 
nearly to their present limits. The effects 
of vegetation, in accumulating peaty matters, 
and, in conjunction with frost, alternate wet- 
ting and drying, the atmospheric air, and 
cultivation, in gradually changing the surface 
of almost any of the stratified matters, to a 
soil or mould fit for the growth of some kind 
of vegetables, have in a great degree been 
overlooked; and accordingly we find a great 
number of writers, confidently mentioning 
different series of substances, which they 
assert, on observations entirely local, to be 
the order of the strata on proceeding down- 
wards beneath the vegetable soil. 
Notwithstanding that Mr. Hauksbee many 
years ago, at the instance of the Royal So- 
ciety of London, carefully examined a suc- 
cession of thirty strata, in the shaft of a 
coal-pit, and found that strata specifically 
I heavier, were frequently found lodged above 
lighter strata; yet, a large portion of the 
writers since, to the present time, have con- 
tended that the strata are found deposited in 
the order, or nearly, of their specific gra- 
vities. 
John Stracey, esq. a writer in the Philo* 
sophical Transactions (No. 391), started an 
opinion, that the strata were at first formed 
while in a soft state, as so many wedges, each 
pointing to and terminating in the centre of j 
the earth ; and that by the diurnal revolution 
of the earth from west to east, these became 
bent into spirals (as represented in fig. 22 3, 
Plate Miscel.), in which case, says he, ‘‘there 
needs no specific gravitation to cause the 
lightest to be uppermost, &c. for every one in ! 
its turn, in some place of the globe or other, 
will be uppermost;” this last remark, made 
in the year 1725, we do not lemember to j 
have seen noticed by any subsequent writer 
or observer, although, from a series of minute 
observations made within the last fifteen 
years by a gentleman formerly resident at 
Mitford near Bath, and now in London, Mr. 
William Smith, there is great reason to think 
that this is really the case with all the strata 
composing the surface of the British islands, 
and perhaps of the whole earth, in what manner 
soever the strata in the inner parts of the 
earth may be disposed. 
We do not understand that Mr. Smith was 
at all acquainted with the above remark of 
Mr. Stracey; but that in the exercise of his 
profession of a land-surveyor, superinfendant 
of some coal-mines, and engineer for the cut- 
ting of the Somerset coal-canal, lie saw ample 
reason to con hide that tiie several strata in 
the neighbourhood of Bath, all rise west- 
wards successively to the surface. His mb- ■ 
sequent observations in almost every part of 
the kingdom, have confirmed this most com- 
pletely ; and we understand that sections 
and maps of the out-crop of aii the principal 
