75 4 
S U R 
Fig. 5?. A cutting gorget. 
Fig. 53. Extracting forceps. 
I - ig. 54. A scoop. 
Fig. 55. A catheter for a male, 
f ig. 56. A catheter for a female. 
I'ig. 57. A bistoury used in the operation 
for phymosis. 
fig. 58. A silver canula for conducting 
the urine after amputation of the penis. 
f ig. 59. A bistoury, with a probe of Ue\!- 
ble silver joined to it, to be used in the ope- 
ralion for fistula in ano. 
i ig 60. A bistoury, which has been lately 
•used by some practitioners in the operation 
for iistula in ano. 
I'ig. 61. A wire of silver or lead, with a 
tube of the same metal, for laying open a fis- 
tula in ano. 
Fig. 62. A bandage for supporting the end 
cf the rectum in cases of prolapsus ani. 
Fig. 63. Represents a fractured limb 
dressed with an eighteen-tailed bandage, and 
placed in the manner recommended by Mr 
J’ott. 
I' ig. 64. Air. Gooch's machine, improved 
by Dr. Aikin, for keeping a fractured thigh- 
bone properly extended. The upper circular 
bandage goes round the waist, the under one 
fixes immediately above the knee. 
Fig. 65. A bandage for a fractured patella. 
Fig. 66. A leather splint for a fractured 
ieg ; 
Fig. 67. Mr. James’s machine, which is an 
improvement upon one invented some years 
ago by Air. \\ iiite, of Manchester, for retain- 
ing fractn red thighs, or bones of the leg, in 
their natural situation. 
f ig- 68. The common collar used in dis- 
tortions of the spine. 
Fig. 69. Stays recommended by Air. Jones 
for distortions of the spine. 
Fig. 70. An apparatus for a distortion of 
the leg. 
Fig. 71. An amputating-knife. 
I’ig. 72. A retractor of cloth or leather. 
Used in amputating the larger extremities. 
fig. 73. Iron retractors recommended by 
Dr. Monro) in amputation of the larger ex- 
tremities. 
Fig. 74. The amputating-saw now ipost 
generally used. 
Fig. 75. Pincers for nipping off any points 
of bone which may remain after the saw has 
been used. 
Fig. 76. A catline used in an amputation of 
the leg. 
Fig. 77. An apparatus invented by the 
late Dr. Alonro for the cure of a rupture of 
tiie tendo Achillis. 
Fig. 78. A pair of spring forceps, for lay- 
ing hold of the extremities of arteries, &c. 
SUR1ANA, a genus of the decandria 
pentagynia class of plants, the corolla of 
which consists of five petals, obversely ovat- 
ed, patent, and of the length of the cup : 
there is no pericarpium except the crusts of 
the seeds, which are live in number, and 
roundish. It is a native of South America. 
There is but one species. 
Si R-REBUTTE ll, a second rebutter. 
SUR-REJ CINDER. As a rejoinder is 
the defendant’s answer to the replication of 
the plaintiff, so a sur-rejoinder is the plain- 
tiff’s answer to the defendant’s roinmrW 
' r > *vjv/uiuci xj pjcwii 
tiff’s answer to the defendant’s rejoinder 
Wood’s Inst. 586. 
SURRENDER, a deed or instrument, 
testifying that the particular tenant of lands or 
SUE 
tenements for life, or years, does sufficiently 
consent and agree, that he who has the next 
or immediate remainder or reversion thereof, 
snail also have the present estate of the same 
hi possession ; and that he yields and gives 
| up the same to him ; for every surreneferer 
I ought forthwith to give possession of the 
i things surrendered. West. Sym. 
j SURROGATE, one who is substituted or 
appointed in the room of another ; as the bi- 
shop or chancellor’s surrogate. 
SI R SOLID, or Sur deso lid, in arith- 
me ic and algebra, the fifth power, or fourth 
multiplication of any number or quantity con- 
sidered as a root. 
Sursolid Problem, in mathematics, is 
that which cannot be resolved but by curves 
. a higher nature than a conic section, e. gr. 
m order to describe a regular endecagon,* or 
figure ot eleven sides in a circle, it is required 
I to describe an isosceles triangle on a right 
line given, whose angles at the base shall be 
quintuple to that at the vertex ; which may 
easily be done by the intersection of a qua- 
clratnx, or any other curve of the second gen- 
SURVEYING OF LAND. Surveying, or the 
measunng of land, is by some supposed' to have 
U, lts or, g'u Egypt, and that, more esneci- 
> , on the banks ot the Nile; the inundations 
oi Which are said to have obscured the land- 
marks which the land-owners yearly made 
e tween their neighbours’ property and their 
own ; and to avoid this annual inconvenience, 
R was found necessary to devise some plans 
ot form and dimensions which they could em- 
ploy after every inundation. Such was the 
opinion of Herodotus, Proclus, and others, 
winch has been continued down to the present 
age : but it is not our intention to justify such 
opinion, and we are rather disposed to counte- 
nance a position laid down by a modern travel- 
er (Mr. Brown) who has spent much time on 
the borders of the Nile. He tells us, in Upper 
Egypt the river is confined by high banks, which 
prevent any inundation of the adjacent country: 
and so also in Lower Egypt, except at the ex- 
tremities of the Delta, where the water of the 
Nile is never more than a few feet below the 
surface of the land, and where, of course, the 
inundations take place ; here, however, the 
country is, as may be expected, without inha- 
bitants.-— But wherever the origin of this sci- 
ence might have been, the usefulness thereof is 
now-a-days, well known and appreciated. 
. Geometry is the foundation of land-measur- 
ing ; and we shall proceed to the most practical 
rules for finding the areas of such geometrical 
figures as occur in surveying. 
Square. The area of this figure is found by 
squaring the length of either of its sides, or by 
multiplying the base side by its perpendicular- 
as in Plate Surveying, % 1, AB" is therefore = 
the area. fir. a a -on 
SUR 
product is the area ; 
ab x re 
= area. (Kg, 4.) 
Also, when all the sides are given, from half 
he „f , ,e ,|, ree , ides subtr f ct ™ j 
verally: multiply the hll]f sum and lhe “ hr “ 
remainders continually together; t!>e so"are- 
root oi the last product will be the area; 'that is, 
j a -j- b -j- c 
(l — j- O 
X 2 ~ c — the area, where a, b , and e, 
denote the three sides. 
Otherwise, when two sides and their included 
angle are given, multiply the two sides tomlm- 
dn - haff P H°- dl l Ct by t] ’, e naturai si »e of the an- 
gle, half this last product — the area: that is, 
ab x ac nat. s . of z_a 
area. 
Trapezium. Divide it into two parts by a dia- 
gonal line ; demit perpendiculars from tlie other 
angle.,. Multiply the diagonal by the sum of the 
two perpendiculars : half the product — area ; 
(fig. 5.) that is, - area 
2 — to.. 
Otherwise, where two diagonals and the angle 
o their intersection are given, multiply the pro- 
duct of the diagonals by the nat. #. of the angle 
0 inter section, and half this product will 
area (fig. 6;) that is, AC X db X nat. ■>-. Z.E 
2 
Or, when it can be inscribed in a circle, and 
t he sides are given ; from half the sum of the 
sides subtract each side severally ; multiply the 
lour remainders continually together, and the 
square-root of the last product will be — area • 
(fig. 7), that is, ’ 
sj „ s, 
So also, AB x BC — the area. 
Parallelogram, rectangles!. The area hereof is 
found by multiplying the length by the breadth; 
as AB x AD z= the area. See fig. 2. 
Rhombus, or RhomboiJes. Multiply the base by 
the perpendicular height : thus, in fig. 3, AB X 
ED — the area. /s 
Also, when two sides and their included angle 
arc given, the product of those sides multiplied 
by the natural sine of the angle — area : that is 
x AC x nat. s. / A — area. 
Trapezoid. Multiply half the sum of the pa- 
rallel sides by the distance between them: and 
the product = area: (fig. 8.) 
AD 4- BC 
2 X AB — area. 
Regular Polygon. When a side and a perpendi- 
cular d emitted from the centre are given, half 
the perimeter multiplied by the perpendicular 
= area : (fig. 9.) 
AB -j- BD -j- BE -j- EF -4- FA 
5 X G — area. 
When a side only is given, the square of the 
side multiplied by the tabular number or multi- 
plier below = area. 
x hat is, AB" x tab. num. — area. 
POLYGON TABLE. 
* ^ ie an gFs of a regular rhombus are each 
CO ; those of a rhomboides may be more or less. 
Triangle. Multiply the base by a perpendicu- 
lar dcmsttecl from the opposite angle ; half the 
No of 
Sides. 
NAMES. 
3 
Equilateral Triangle 
4 
Square 
5 
Pentagon 
6 
Hexagon 
7 
Heptagon 
8 
Octagon 
9 
Nonagon 
10 
Decagon 
11 
Undecagon - 
12 
Duodecagon 
Tabular 
Multiplier. 
0.433013 
1 .000000 
1 .7204717 
2.598076 
3.633912 
4.828427 
6.181824 
7.694209 
9 . 365641 
H. 196152* 
Xi.c syuare or tne cuameter multiplied 
by .7854 = area; (fig. 10.) i. e . AB" X .7854 — 
