T A I 
T A L 
766 T JE N 
side; the tubercles are concave in (life middle, 
and appear destined to serve the purpose of 
suckers tor attaching the head more effec- 
tually. The internal structure of the joints 
composing the body of this animal is partly 
vascular and partly cellular ; the substance 
itself is white, and some what, resembles in its 
texture the coagulated lymph of the human 
blood. The alimentary canal passes along 
each side ot the animal, sending a cross ca- 
nal over the bottom of each joint, which con- 
nects the two lateral canals together. 
Mr. Carlisle injected with a coloured size, 
by a single push with a -small syringe, three 
feet in length of these canals, m the direc- 
tion from the mouth downwards. He tried 
the injection the contrary way, but it seemed 
to be stopped by valves. The alimentary 
.canal is impervious at the extreme joint, 
where it terminates without any opening anal- 
ogous to an anus. Each joint has a vascular 
joint occupying the middle part, which is 
composed of. a longitudinal canal, from which 
a great number of lateral canals branch off at 
right angles. These canals contain a fluid 
like milk. 
1 he tenia seems to be one of'the simplest 
vascular animals in nature. The way in which 
it is nourished is singular; the food being 
taken in by the mouth, passes into the ali- 
mentary canal, and is thus made to visit in 
a general way the different parts of the ani- 
mal. As it has no excretory ducts, it would 
appear that the whole of its alimentary fluid 
is lit for nourishment ; the decayed parts pro- 
bably dissolve into a fluid which transudes 
through the skin, which is extremely por- 
•ous. 
• , This animal has nothing resembling a brain 
or nerves, and seems to have no organs of 
sense but those of touch. It is most probably 
propagated by ova, which may easily pass 
along the circulating vessels of other animals. 
We cannot otherwise explain the phenomena 
of worms being found in the eggs of fowls, 
and in the intestines of a foetus before birth, 
except by supposing their ova to have passed 
through the circulating vessels of the mo- 
ther, and by this means been conveyed to the 
foetus. 
The chance of an ovum being placed in a 
situation where it will be hatched, and the 
young find convenient subsistence, must be 
very small ; hence the necessity for their 
being very prolific. If they had the same 
powers of being prolific which they now 
have, and their ova were afterwards very 
readily hatched, then the multiplication of 
these animals would be immense, and be- 
come a nuisance to the otter parts of the 
creation. 
Another mode of increase allowed to te- 
nia (if we may call it increase) is by an addi- 
tion to the number of their joints, [f we 
consider the individual joints as distinct 
beings, it is so ; and when we reilect upon the 
power of generation given to each joint, it 
makes this conjecture the more probable. 
We can hardly suppose that an ovum of a 
tenia, whicli at' its full growth is thirty feet 
long, and composed of 400 joints, contained 
a young tenia composed of this number of 
pieces ; but we have seen young teniae not 
half a foot long, and not possessed of fifty 
joints, which still were entire worms. We 
have also many reasons to believe, that when 
a part of this animal is broken off From the 
rest, it is capable of forming a head for itself, 
and becomes an independant being. The 
simple construction of the head makes its re- 
generation a much more easy operation than 
that of the tails and feet of lizards, which are 
composed of bones and complicated vessels; 
but this last operation lias been proved by 
tiie experiments of Spallanzani and many 
other naturalists. 
When intestinal worms produce a diseased 
state ot the animal’s body which they inhabit, 
various remedies are advised for removing 
them ; many of which are ineffectual, and 
others very injurious by the violence of their 
operation. Drastic purges seem to operate 
upon tenia?, partly by irritating the external 
surface of their bodies, so as to make them 
quit their holds, and partly by the violent 
contractions produced in the intestine, which 
may sometimes divide the bodies of tenia, 
and even kill them by bruising. The most 
effectual remedy, however, has been found to 
be the digitalis in substance. 
r l AGE 1ES, French marigold, a genus of 
plants ol the class of syngensia, and order of 
polygamia superfiua; and in the natural sys- 
tem ranging under the 49th order, composite. 
I lie receptacle is naked ; the pappus con- 
sists of five erect awns or beards ; the calyx 
is monophyllous, quinquedentate, and tubu- 
lar ; and there are four persistent florets of 
the ray. There are three species, the pa- 
tula, erecta, and minuta ; of which the two 
first have been cultivated in the British gar- 
dens, at least since the year 1596, for it is 
mentioned in Gerard’s Herbal, which was 
published that year. They are both natives 
of Mexico. 
1 he erecta, or African marigold, has a 
stem subdividing and spreading, and has 
formed itself into a great many varieties: 1. 
Pale yellow, or brimstone-colour, with 
single, double, and fistulous flowers. 2. 
Deep yellow, with single, double, and fistu- 
lous flowers. 3. Orange-coloured, with single, 
double, and fistulous flowers. 4 Middling 
African, with orange-coloured flowers. 5. 
Sweet-scented African. These are all very 
subject to vary ; so that unless the seeds are 
very carefully saved from the finest flowers, 
they are apt to degenerate ; nor should the 
same seeds be too long sown in the same 
garden, for the same reason ; therefore those 
who are desirous to have these flowers in 
perfection, should exchange their seeds with 
some person of integrity at a distance, where 
the soil is of a different nature, at least every 
other year. If this is done, the varieties may 
be continued in perfection. 
’PAIL, or Estates tail, are either gene- 
ral or special. Tail general, is where lands 
and tenements are given to one and the heirs 
of his body begotten, which is called tail ge- 
neral ; because, how often soever such donee 
may be married, his heirs, by every such 
marriage, are capable of inheriting the estate 
tail. Tenant in tail special, is where the 
gift is restrained to certain heirs of the gran- 
tee, and not to all in general, which may hap- 
pen several ways. Estates tail are likewise 
diversified by the distinction of male and 
female, as if lands are given to a man and the 
heirs male of his body begotten ; this is an 
estate in tail, male special: but if to a man 
and the heirs female of the body of his pres nt 
wife begotten, this is an estate in tail, female 
special. So in case of a gift in tail male, the 
female line shall not inherit; and so e con- 
verso. 
As the word heirs is necessary to create a 
fee, so the word body or some other words 
of procreation are necessary to make a fee 
tail, and ascertain to what heirs the estate is 
limited. Therefore, if the words of inherit- 
ance or procreation are omitted, although the 
others are inserted, this will not make an 
estate tail. As if an estate is granted to a 
man and the issue of his body, this is only an 
estate for life, the words of inheritance being 
wanting ; and a grant to a man, and his heirs 
male or female, is an estate in fee simple, not 
in fee tail, as there are no words to ascertain 
the body from whence they shall issue. 
Though in wills, where greater latitude is 
given, an estate tail may be devised by the 
words, to a man and his heirs male, or "other 
irregular modes of expression. 
l lie incidents to a tenancy in tail are prin- 
cipally these : 
1. A tenant in tail may commit waste on an 
estate without being impeached for the same. 
2. That the w'ife shall have her dower of 
the estate tail. 
3. That the husband of a female tenant in 
tail may be tenant by courtesy. 
4. An estate tail may be barred or destroy- 
ed by a fine, a recovery, or lineal warranty, 
descending with assets to the heir. 
And by stat. 26 lien. VIII. c. 13. all es- 
tates tail (in common with all estates of in- 
heritance) are forfeited to the king on con- 
viction of high treason. 
By stat. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 28. certain leases 
which do not tend to the prejudice of the 
heir are allowed to bind the issue in tail, A 
stat. of the same year, c. 36. declares a fine 
duly levied by a tenant in tail to be a com- 
plete bar to all persons claiming under such 
entail. 
And lastly, by 33 Hen. VIII. c. 39. all es- 
tates tail are liable to be charged for debts to 
the king by record or special contract. 
They are likewise subject to be sold for the 
debts contracted by a bankrupt ; and by the 
construction put on stat. 43 Eliz. c. 4. an ap- 
pointment by tenant in tail, of the lands en- 
tailed to a charitable use, is good without 
fine or recoverv. 
Tail, in the 'Turkish customs, (bashaws of 
three tails, &c.) See Tug. 
TALC. Though this term has often been 
a synonym of mica in mineralogy, it is 
adopted by the moderns, to denote a stony 
substance which differs from it, especially in 
an unctuosity sensible to the touch, and in 
the vitreous electricity which it communi- 
cates to sealing-wax by friction, whilst mica 
gives it the resinous electricity. Hauy enu- 
merates four varieties of this stone ; namely, 
the lanynary talc, or Venice talc ; the foliated 
talc, or chalk of Brian^on ; compact talc, as 
the lard-stone ; these three first give the po- 
sitive or vitreous electricity to sealing-wax. 
The fourth variety, or the steatites talc, com- 
municates the negative or resinous electricity 
to it by friction. 
The characters of this stone are, a spe- 
cific gravity between 3.5834 and 2.9902; a 
texture easy to be scraped with the knife ; a 
soft and unctuous surface; the primitive form 
of a right rhomboidal prism, its bases having 
angles of 120 degrees and 60 degrees, and in 
which sections parallel with these bases are 
