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their distance, is equal to that trapezium. 
4. It a parallelogram circumscribes a trape- 
zium, so that one of tire sides of the pa- 
rallelogram is parallel to a diagonal of the 
trapezium, that parallelogram will be the 
double of tire trapezium. 5. [f any tra- 
pezium has two of its opposite angles’ each 
a right angle, and a diagonal is drawn 
joining these angles; and if from the other 
two angles are drawn two perpendiculars to 
that diagonal; the distances from the feet of 
these perpendiculars to those right angles, re- 
spectively taken, will be equal. 6. If the 
sides of a trapezium are each bisected, and 
the points of bisection are joined by four right 
lines, these lines will form a parallelogram, 
■which will be one-half of the trapezium. %. 
If the diagonals of a trapezium are bisected, 
and a right Ime joins these points, the aggre- 
gate ofthe squares of the sides is equal to the 
aggregate of the squares ofthe diagonals, to- 
gether with four times of the square of the 
right line joining the point of dissection. 8. In 
any trapezium, the aggregate of the diago- 
nals is less than the aggregate of four right 
lines drawn from any point (except the inter- 
section of the diagonals) within the figure. 
TRAPS. See Rocks, primitive. 
TRAVERSE, or Transverse, in ge- 
neral, denotes something that goes athwart 
another ; that is, crosses and cuts it ob- 
liquely. 
Hence, to traverse a piece of ordnance, 
among gunners, signifies to turn or point 
it which way one pleases, upon the plat- 
form . 
In fortification, traverse denotes a trench 
with a little parapet, or bank of earth, thrown 
perpendicularly across the moat, or other work, 
to prevent the enemy’s cannon from raking it. 
These traverses may be from twelve to eigh- 
teen feet, in order to be cannon-proof ; and 
their height about six or seven feet, or more 
if the place is exposed to any eminence. And 
to preserve a communication, a passage of 
about five or six feet wide must be left at one 
end of the traverse. If any part of a work, 
thus shut in by one or more traverses, is likely 
to be defended by the musketry, it will be 
proper to add to the traverses one or more 
footbanks within the defence, for the troops to 
mount on when they want to fire over the 
traverse. 
Traverse. See Navigation. 
Traverse, in law, signifies sometimes to 
deny, sometimes to overthrow or undo a thing, 
or to put one to provesome matter; much used 
in answers to bills in chancery : or it is that 
which the defendant pleads or says in bar to 
avoid the plaintiff’s bill, either by confessing 
and avoiding, or by denying and traversing 
the material parts thereof. 
Traverse an Indictment, is to take 
issue upon the chief matter, and to contradict 
or deny some point of it.- A traverse must 
Ire always made to the substantial part of the 
title. Where an act may indifferently be in- 
tended to be at one day or another, there the 
clay is nut traversable. In an action of tres- 
pass generally, the day is not material ; 
though if a matter is done upon a particular 
day, there it is material and traversable. 2 
Roll’s Rep. 37. 
TRAVESTY, or Travesti, a French 
term, derived from the verb travestlr, to dis- 
guise one’s self, or to appear in masquerade : 
and hence, travesty is applied to the disfigur- 
ing ot an author, or the translating him into a 
style and manner different from his own, by 
which means it becomes difficult to know 
him. 
TREACLE. See Sugar, &c. 
4 REASON, in law, is divided into high 
treason and petty treason. High treason, as 
comprized under the famous high treason act, 
as it is called, or the statute 25th Edw. HI., 
is divided into seven heads. 
1. When a man compasses or imagines the 
death of the king, queen, or the heir appa- 
rent, he is guilty ot high treason. Rut as this 
compassing or imagining is an act of the 
mnul, it cannot be proved unless demon- 
strated by some overt (or open) act. To 
conspire to imprison the king, and to assem- 
ble company for the purpose, to procure arms 
and ammunition with the intent to kill him, 
or even taking any measures to put such de- 
signs into execution, as consulting of the best 
means of putting him to death, are overt or 
open acts. 
2. To violate the queen-consort, the 
king’s eldest daughl<*, or the wife of the heir 
apparent, is high treason ; and if both par- 
ties consent, they are alike guilty. This is to 
guard the blood royal from pollution, so that 
to violate a queen or princess dowager is not 
treason. 
3. If a man levies war against the king in 
his realm, he is guilty' of high treason. This 
may be done under pretence of redressing 
grievances, as well as to dethrone the King. 
An insurrection with the avowed design of 
destroying all inclosures, all brothels, See. is 
likewise treason; though a tumult to destroy 
any particular inclosure or brothel would 
only amount to a riot: but in the first in- 
stance, the universality of the design renders 
it high treason. A mere conspiracy to level 
war is not treason, unless the design is parti- 
cularly pointed against tiie king, when it falls 
under the fust head, viz. compassing or ima- 
gining his death. 
4. 4 o be an adherent to the king’s enemies 
in his realm, or aiding them in his realm, or 
elsewhere, is treason; but this must be de- 
monstrated by some overt act, as the giving 
them intelligence, sending provisions, surren- 
dering up a fortress by combination with the 
enemy, and not by' cowardice, in winch case 
it is an offence against the laws of war, but 
not treason. Giving assistance to foreign pi- 
rates or robbers who invade our coasts with- 
out any open hostilities between their nation 
and our own, or any commission from any 
state at war with Great Britain ; also aid- 
ing our own fellow-subjects in rebellion at 
home ; are both treasons ; but to relieve a re- 
bel fled out ot the kingdom is not. And if a 
person through force or fear is obliged to join 
the rebels, provided he leaves them at the 
first safe opportunity, he is not guilty. 
5. Counterfeiting the great or privy seal is 
likewise high treason. 
6. Counterfeiting the king’s money; or 
bringing false and counterfeit money into the 
realm, and knowing it to be false* uttering 
it, is the sixth species of treason. Counter- 
feiting it is ot itself treason, without making 
i payment with it ; and if the minters alter the 
J legal standard of gold and silver, it is treason. 
| As to importing foreign counterfeit money', it 
is held that uttering it without importing it is 
not within the statute. 
7. ! he seventh and last species of treason 
under this statute is, if a man slays the chan- 
cellor, treasurer, or the king’s justices of 
either of the benches, justices in cvre, or jus- 
tices of assize, and all other justices assigned 
to hear and determine, being in ti'.eir places 
during their offices. This extends only to kill- 
ing them, and not to wounding and assault- 
ing them. The barons of the exchequer are 
not specified as within the act, but by the 
stat. 5 Eliz. c. 18, and 1 W. and M. c. 21, 
the lord keeper or commissioners of the great 
s eal are within it. 
There are other treasons, not comprized 
under this act, which may be divided into 
three heads : 1 . Such as relate to papists. 2. 
Such as relate to falsifying the coin or other 
royal signatures. 3. Such as relate to secur- 
ing the protestant succession in the house of 
Hanover. 
For the first see Papists. For the second 
see Coinage. 
8. By the stat. 1 Anne, s. 2, c. 17, if any 
person shall endeavour to deprive or hinder 
any person being the next in succession to the 
crown, according to the limitations of the act 
of settlement, from succeeding to the crown, 
and attempt the same by any overt act, such 
offence shall be high treason. And by stat. 
6 Anne, c. 7. if any person by writing or 
printing maintains and affirms that any person 
lias any right or title to the crown of this 
realm, otherwise than according to the act of 
settlement; or that the kings of „this realm, 
with the authority of parliament, are not able 
to make laws and statutes to bind the crown 
and the descent thereof; such person shall be 
guilty of high treason. 
The punishment for this crime is very se- 
vere ; that the criminal shall be dragged on 
the ground to the place of execution, though 
a sledge is novv allowed through humanity, 
and be hanged and cut down alive, his en- 
trails taken out and burned before his face, 
his head c\it off, and li is body' quartered. 
The punishment for coining is, however, 
more mild. 
Treason, misprision of. 4*here is like- 
wise a misprision of treason, which is the 
concealing the knowledge of treason without 
assenting to it, 1 and 2 Ph. and Mary, c. 10. 
The stat. 13 Eliz. c. 2, enacts, that those who 
forge foreign coins not current in Great Bri- 
tain, their aiders, abettors, 'and procurer , shall 
be all guilty of misprision of treason. The 
punishment for this crime, which is a degree 
lower than high treason, is loss of the profits 
of lands for life, forfeiture of goods, and per- 
petual imprisonment. 
Treason, petit (which is an aggravated 
degree of murder), according to the stat. 25th 
Edw. Ilf. c. 2, may happen three ways; by 
a servant killing his master, a wife her hus- 
band, or an ecclesiastical person his superior 
to whom he owes faith and obedience 1 a 
servant who kills his master, whom lie has 
left upon a grudge conceived while in his ser- 
vice; for the intention was formedwhik the re- 
lation subsisted : so if a wife is separated 
a mensa & thoro, the vinculum matrimonii 
is not dissolved; and if she kills her husband 
after the divorce, she is guilty. And a cler- 
gyman owes canonical obedience to the bi- 
shop who ordained him, to him in whose dio- 
