TRE 
T 11 E 
TRE 
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cese he is bene Heed, and also to the metro- 
politan of such suffragan ; and therefore to hill 
any of these is petit treason. The punish- 
ment is, for a man, to be drawn and hanged; 
for a woman, it was to be drawn and burnt ; 
but this barbarous act is now repealed, and 
the punishment made bimil r to that of the 
men. They, their aidors and abettors, are 
deprived the benefit of clergy. 
TREASURE TROVE, is where any mo- 
ney or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion, is 
hidden in the earth, or other private place, 
the owner being unknown ; in which case, the 
treasure belongs to the king, or some other 
who claims by the king’s grant, or by pre- 
scription. Brae. Lib. 3. But if he that hid 
it is known, or afterwards found out, the 
owner, and not the king, is entitled to it. 1 
Black. 295. It it is found in the sea, or upon 
the earth, it does not belong to the king, but 
to the finder, if no owner appears. Black. 
295. 
TREASURER, an officer to whom the 
treasure of a prince, or corporation, is com- 
mitted to be kept, and duly disposed of. 
The lord high treasurer of Great Britain, or 
first commissioner of the treasury when in 
commission, lias under his charge and go- 
vernment all the king’s revenue, which is 
kept in the exchequer, lie holds his place 
during the king’s pleasure, being instituted 
by the delivery of a white staff to him : he 
has the check of ail the officers employed in 
collecting the customs and other royal reve- 
nues; and in his gift and disposition are 
all the offices of the customs in the several 
ports of the kingdom ; estimators in every 
county are nominated by him ; he also makes 
leases of the lands belonging to the crown. 
This office is now' always executed by a com- 
mission, who are entitled, “ the commis- 
sioners for executing the office of lord high 
treasurer,” and the first commissioner is com- 
monly prime minister. 
There is, besides the lord -treasurer, a trea- 
surer of the king’s houshold ; who is of the 
privy council, and, with the comptroller and 
steward of the marshalsea, has great power. 
To these may be added the treasurer of the 
navy ; as also the treasurer of the king’s cham- 
ber, and of the wardrobe ; and most corpora- 
tions throughout the kingdom have treasu- 
rers, whose office is to. receive their rents, 
and disburse their common expences. 
The treasurer of the county is an officer 
that keeps the county-stock, in which office 
there are two in every county ; who are 
chosen by the major part of the justices of 
the peace at Easter-sessions. They ought to 
have certain estates in lands, or to be worth 
150/. in pe.sonal estate ; and are to continue 
in their office only for a year, at the end 
whereof, or within ten days after the expira- 
tion of the year, they must account to their 
successors, under certain penalties. The 
county-stock which this officer has the keep- 
ing oi, is raised by rating every parish annu- 
al’; ; and the same is from time to time dis- 
posed ot to charitable uses, towards the relief 
of maimed soldiers and mariners, prisoners in 
the county gaols, paying the salaries of go- 
vernors of houses of correction, and relieving 
poor alms-houses, &e. 
TREE. See Forest Trees, Planting, 
Plants, Timber, &c. 
TREFOIL. See Trifolium. 
T R EM E LEA, a genus of plants of the class 
of cr > ptogamia, and natural order of algae 
It is a gelatinous membranous substance ; the 
parts ot the fructification scarcely visible. 
I here are 1 1 species, of which live are indi- 
genous; the nostoc, lichenoides, verrucosa, 
hemispherica, and purpurea. 1. The iTostoc, 
or jelly rain tremeila, is found in pastures and 
by the sides of gravel-walks in gardens after 
rains ; not uncommon in spring, summer, and 
autumn. It is a membranaceous, pellucid, 
and gelatinous substance, without any visible 
root; of a yellowish dull green-colour; as- 
suming various forms, either round, angular, 
plaited or folded together irregularly, like the 
intestines, or a pocket-handkerchief, an inch 
or two, or more, in diameter : soft to the 
touch when moist; but thin, membranaceous, 
and brittle, w hen dry ; and of a black fus- 
cous colour. The antient alchemists called 
this vegetable the flowers of heaven, and 
imagined that from it they should procure the 
universal menstruum : bufall their researches 
ended in discovering that by distillation it 
yielded some phlegm, volatile salt, and ernpy- 
reumatic oil. It has been extolled in wounds, 
ulcers, &c. but no regard is ever paid to it by 
judicious practitioners. Dr. Darwin says, 
he has been well informed that this tremeila 
is a mucilage voided by herons after they have 
eaten frogs. 2. The lichenoides, or trans- 
parent tremeila, is erect, plane, margin curl- 
ed, lacinulated, and brown. It grows on 
heaths and in woods, &e. 3. Verrucosa, or 
warty tremeila, is tubercular, solid, wrinkled, 
roundish, and resembling a bladder; it is of a 
blackish yellow. It grows on stones in rivu- 
lets. 4. Hemispherica, or sea tramella, is 
scattered among conferva, fuci, &c. 5. Pur- 
purea, or purple tremeila, is globular, sessile, 
solitary, and smooth. It grows on ditch- 
banks about London. . 
TREMOLITE. This mineral is found 
chiefly near St. Gothard, in Switzerland ; and 
takes its name from mount Tremola, where 
it was first observed by Saussure. It occurs 
massive and in crystals. The primitive form 
of its crystals is a rhomboidal prism, whose 
sides are inclined to each other at angles, of 
156° 52' 12" and 53 Q 7' 48". It usually occurs 
in four-sided prisms, terminated by dihedral 
summits; and not unfrequently the two acute 
edges, or all the four, are truncated. Tex- 
ture radiated. Fragments splintery. Spe- 
cific gravity from 2.9 to 3.2. Fibres easily 
separated, so that it appears soft, yet it 
scratches glass. Phosphoresces very readily 
when struck or rubbed in the dark. Before 
the blowpipe, melts into a white scoria. 
Werner divides this species into three sub- 
species. 
A specimen of tremolite analysed by Klap- 
roth, contained 
65.0 silica 
38.0 lime 
0.5 magnesia 
0.5 oxide of iron 
6.0 water and carbonic acid. 
100.0 
A specimen of this mineral from the cas- 
tle-hill of Edinburgh, analysed by Dr, Ken- 
nedy, yielded 
51.5 silica 
32.0 lane 
0.5 alumina 
0.5 oxide of iron 
8.5 soda 
5.0 carbonic acid 
98.0, with some traces ofmag- 
ncsia and muriatic acid. 
Bournon lias shewn that the property 
which the tremolite has of phosphorescing 
w hen rubbed, is ow ing to the presence of car-, 
bonat of lime. 
r i EEMOR. See Medicine. 
TRENCH ES, in a siege, are d’tches made 
by the besiegers, (hat they may approac h 
more securely to the place attacked ; on 
which account they are also called lines of 
approach. The tail of the trench is the place 
where it was begun, and its head is the place 
where it ends. 
Trenches are also made to guard an en- 
campment. 
T he trenches are usually opened or begun 
in the night-time, sometimes within musket- 
shot, and sometimes within half or w hole can- 
non-shot of the place ; generally about 801) 
fathoms. T hey are carried on in winding 
lines, nearly parallel to thewoiks, so as not 
to be in view of the enemy, nor exposed to the 
enemy’s shot. 
The workmen employed in the trenches 
are always supported by a number of troops 
to defend them against the sallies of the be- 
sieged. The pioneers, and other workmen 
sometimes work on their knees, and are usu- 
ally covered with mantlets or saucissons; and 
the troops who support them lie fiat on their 
faces, in order to avoid the enemy’s shot. On 
the angles or sides of the trench, there are 
lodgments, or epaulements, in form of tra- 
verses, the better to hinder the sallies of the 
garrison, and to favour the advancement of 
the trenches, and to sustain the workmen. 
The platforms for the batteries are made 
behind ho trenches ; the first at a good dis- 
tance, to be used only against the sallies of 
the garriosn. As the aproaches advance, 
the batteries are brought nearer, to ruin the 
defences of the place, and dismount the ar- 
tillery of the besieged. The breach-batteries 
are made when the trenches are advanced 
near the covert-way. 
If there are two attacks, it will be neces- 
sary to have lines of communication, or boyaus, 
between the two, with places of arms at con- 
venient distances. The trenches are 6 or 7 
feet high with the parapet, which is 5 feet 
thick, with banquettes for the soldiers to mount 
upon. 
The approaches at a siege are generally 
carried on upon the capitals of the works at- 
tacked ; because the capitals produced are, 
of all other situations in the front of a work, 
the least exposed to the fire of either the can- 
non or musketry; and are the least in the 
line of fire between the besieged and be- 
siegers’ batteries. But if, from particular cir- 
cumstances, these or other advantages do r.ot 
attend the approaches upon the capitals, they 
are by no means to be preferred to other po- 
sitions. 
The trenches of communication, or zig- 
zags, are 3 feet deep, 10 feet wide at bot- 
tom, and 13 feet at top, having a berm of one 
foot, beyond which the earth is thrown t» 
form a parapet. 
