T R E 
T R r 
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The parallels or places of arms of the 
trenches are 3 feet deep, 12 feet wide at bot- 
tom, and 17 or 18 feet wide at top, having a 
banquette of about 3 feet wide, with a slope of 
nearly as much. 
The first night of opening the trenches, the 
greatest exertions are made to take advan- 
tage of the enemy’s ignorance as to the side 
of attack; and they are generally carried on 
as far in advance as the first parallel, and 
even sometimes to the completion of that 
work. The workmen set out on this duty, 
each with a fascine of 6 eet, a pick-ax, and a 
shovel ; and the fascines being laid so as to 
lap one foot over each other, leave 3 feet of 
trench for each man to dig. 
The usual method of directing the trenches 
or zig-zags, isby observing during the day some 
near object in a line with the salient parts of 
the work, and which may serve as a direction 
in the night ; or if the night is not very dark, 
the angles of the works may be seen above 
the horizon ; but as both these methods are 
subject to uncertainty, the following is pro- 
posed to answer every .case : having laid 
down the plan of attack, the exact positions 
of the flanked angles of the works of the front 
attacked, and particularly of those most ex- 
tended to the right and left ; mark on the 
plan the point of commencement for the 
first portions of zig-zag, the point where 
it crosses the capital, and the point to 
which it extends on the other side of the capi- 
pital: this last point will be the commence- 
ment of the second branch : then mark off 
the point where this branch crosses the capi- 
tal, and its extent on the other s'de ; and this 
will give the commencement of the third 
branch ; and so on for the others. Thus pro- 
vided with a plan ready marked off, it will 
be very easy, even in the darkest night, to lay 
down the points where the zig-zags are to cross 
the capital, and the points to which they are 
to be produced beyond them. The first pa- 
rallel is generally run about 600 yards from 
the place, and of such extent as to embrace 
the prolongation of the faces of all the works 
which fire upon the trenches ; and each end has 
a return of about 30 or 40 yards. 
The second parallel is constructed upon 
the same principles, and of the same extent, 
as the first, at the distance of about 300 yards 
from the salient angles of the covert-way. 
This parallel is usually formed of gabions ; 
each workman carrying a gabion, a fascine, a 
shovel, and a pick ax. After this the trenches 
are usually carried on by sap. 
The half-parallels are about 140 or 150 
yards from the covert-way, and extend suf- 
ficiently on each side to embrace the pro- 
longation of the branches of a covert-way. 
The third parallel must not be nearer than 
the foot of the glacis, or it will mask the ri- 
cochet batteries. It is generally made ra- 
ther wider than the other parallels. 
Cavaliers of the trenches must not be nearer 
than 28 yards from the covert-way, or they 
will be ’liable to be annoyed by hand-gre- 
nades, 
Trench, returns of a, are the elbows and 
turnings, which form the lines of approach, 
and are made, as near as can be, parallel to 
the place, to prevent their being enfi- 
laded. 
Trenches, to mount the, is to mount guard 
THE 
in the trenches, which is generally done in 
the night. 
Trenches, to relieve the, is to relieve ihe 
guard of the trenches. 
Trenches, to scour th:, is to make a vi- 
gorous sally upon the guard of the trenches, 
force them to give way and quit their ground, 
drive away the workmen, break down the 
parapet, fill up the trench, and nail their can- 
non. 
Trenches, counter, are trenches made 
against the besiegers; which consequently 
have their parapet turned against the enemy’s 
approaches, and are enfiladed from several 
parts of the place, on purpose to render them 
useless to the enemy, if they should chance 
to become masters of them ; but they should 
not be enfiladed or commanded by any height 
in the enemy’s possession. 
Trenches, to open the, is to break ground 
for the purpose of carrying on approaches to- 
wards a besieged place. 
TREPANNING. See Surgery. 
TREPIDATION. See Medicine. 
TRESPASS, is any trangression of the law, 
under treason, felony, or misprision of either. 
Staundf. PI. Cor. 38. 
Trespass signifies going beyond what is 
lawful; hence it follows that every injurious 
act is, in the large sense of this word, a tres- 
pass. But as many injurious acts are distin- 
guished by particular names, as treason, 
murder, rape, and other names, the legal sense 
of the word trespass is confined to such in- 
jurious acts as have not acquired a particular 
name. Some trespasses are not accompa- 
nied with any force ; a trespass of this sort 
is called a trespass upon the case: and the 
proper remedy for the party injured, is by 
an action upon the case. Other trespasses 
are accompanied with force, either actual 
or implied. If a trespass which was accom- 
panied with either actual or implied force, 
has been injurious to the public, the proper 
remedy in every such case, is by au indict- 
ment, or by information. And if a trespass 
that was acccompanied with an actual force, 
has been injurious only to one or more private 
persons, the offender is in every such case 
liable to an indictment, or to an information; 
for although the injury has in such case been 
only done to one or more private persons, 
as every trespass accompanied with actual 
force is a breach of the peace, it is to be con- 
sidered and punished as an offence against the 
public. 5 Bac. Abr. 150. 
A man is answerable for not only his own 
trespass, but that of his cattle also. 3 Black. 
211 . 
And the law gives the party injured, a dou- 
ble remedy in this case ; by permitting him 
to distrain the cattle thus doing damage, till 
the owner shall make him satisfaction, or else 
by leaving him to the common remedy by 
action. And in either of these cases of tres- 
pass committed on another’s land, either by a 
man himself or his cattle, the action that lies, 
is the action of trespass with force and arms ; 
for the law always couples the idea of force 
with that of intrusion upon the property of an- 
other. 3 Black. 210. 
In some cases, trespass is justifiable ; or ra- 
ther entry on another’s Jand or house shall 
not in these cases be accounted trespass : as 
if a man came there to 'demand or pay money 
there payable, or to execute in a legal man- 
ner the process of the law. 3 Black 219. 
To prevent trifling and vexatious actions of : 
trespass, it is enacted by 43 Eiiz. c. 6. 22 and ' 
23 Car. II. c. 9. and 8 & 9 VV. c. II. that $ 
j where a jury who try an action of trespass, | 
give less damages than 40s. the plaintiff shall ; 
| be allowed no more costs than damages; un- 
less the judge shall certify on the back of the j 
record, that the freehold or title of the land \ 
came chiefly in question. But if it shall ap- \ 
pear that the trespass was wilful and malicious, 
the plaintiff’ shall have his full costs. And 
every trespass is wilful, where the defendant 
lias been forewarned, and malicious where 
the intent of the defendant appears to be to 
harass or injure the plaintiff. 3 Black. 370. 
TRESPASSER, denotes a person that 
commits a trespass against another; in respect 
of whom it is held, that though the law per- 
mits a person to enter a tavern, and a landlord 
to distrain on lands, & c. yet if he abuses this 
liberty by committing any trespass, he will be 
judged a trespasser ab initio. 
TRET, in commerce, an allowance made 
for the waste, or the dirt, that may be mixed 
with any commodity, which is always four 
pounds in every hundred and four pounds 
weight. See Tare. 
TREWIA, a genus of the polyandria mo- 
' nogynia class ot plants, having no corolla be- 
sides the cup ; the fruit is a turbinated, trique- 
trous, coronated, trilocular, trivalvar capsule: 
the seed is single, convex on one side, and 
angular on the other. There is one species, a 
tree of the East Indies. 
TRIAL, in law, the examination of a 
cause, civil or criminal, according to the 
laws of k the land, before a proper judge: 
or, it is the manner and order observed 
in the hearing and determining of causes. J 
There are clivers kinds of trials ; as those 
of matters of fact, which must be tried bv 
a jury; matters of law which are only tria- 
ble by the courts ; and matters of record, 
which are to be tried by the records them- 
selves. The most general rule has been, that 
the jurymen on a trial shall be chosen out of 
that town or precinct, &c. in which the mat- 
ter of fact is alleged, or the nearest thereto, 
for the better cognizance of the matter ; and 
not to leave things to be tried in foreign coun- 
ties, where the jury are strangers to the whole 
matter. Where any trial is for murder, it 
must be in the county wherein the fact was 
committed ; but if the assault is in one county, 
and the person assaulted happens to die in an- 
other county, the indictment maybe found by 
a jury of the county where the party died": I 
and by special commission, when a person is 
indicted in one county he may be tried in an- 
other. In all criminal cases the custom is 1 
to ask the prisoner how he will be tried, which 
was formerly a very significant question, 
though it is not so now; because antiently 
there were trials by combat, by ordeal, and by 
jury; and when the prisoner answered, By 
God and his country, it appeared he made 
choice to be tried by a jury; which is the 
only way now used for the trial of criminals. 
The method of proceeding in a criminal case 
is this: First the bill of indictment against the 
offender is prepared, and the prosecutor and 
his witnesses attend on the grand jury, and 
there give in their evidence; which being done, 
the grand inquest either laid the bill of indict* 
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