T R U 
T It U 
•FSO 'T7LO 
of t!i * beams and weights fur weighing mer- f 
chants’ commodities, with power to assign 
clerks, porters, Ac. of the great beam and 
balance, which weighing of goods and wares, 
■is called trouuge. 
TROILEOLUM, the Indian cress, or 
fiursturtiuin, a genus ot the octandria-mono- 
gynia class of plants, the (lower of which con- 
sists of live roundish petals inserted into lire 
divisions of the cup ; the two upper petals 
■are sessile; the three others have very long 
and barbaled ungues: the lruit consists of 
three! convex capsules, tulcaled, and striated 
on one side, and angular on the other ; the 
seeds are three, gibbous on one side, and ali- 
gn! .ted on the other, but upon the whole 
somewhat roundish, and striated deeply. 
There are five species. 
TROPE. See Rhetoric. 
TROPHIS.a genus of the dioecia telrandria 
class and order of plants, 1 here is no calyx 
and no female corolla ; the male corolla is 
four-petal led ; the style is two-parted; berry 
one-seecled. There is one species, the ranioom 
tree of Jamaica. 
TROPHY, tropimm, among the antients, 
a pile or heap of arms of a vanquished enemy, 
raised by the conqueror in the most eminent 
part of the field of battle. The trophies were 
usually dedicated to some of the gods, espe- 
cially Jupiter. The name of the deity to 
whom they were inscribed, was generally 
mentioned^ was that also of the conqueror. 
The spoils were at iirst hung upon the trunk 
of a tree ; but instead of trees, succeeding 
ages erected pillars of stone, or brass, to con- 
tinue the memory of their victories. To de- 
molish a trophy was looked upon as a kind 
.of sacrilege, because they were all consecrat- 
ed to some deity. The representation of a 
trophy is often to be met with on medals of 
•the Roman emperors, struck on occasion of 
victories ; wherein, besides arms and spoils, 
are frequently seen one or two captives by 
the sides of the trophy. 
TROPICS. See Astronomv, and Geo- 
graphy. 
TROV ER is the remedy prescribed by 
the law, where any person is in possession of 
the property of another, which he unlawfully 
detains. Previous to commencing of this 
action, a demand of the property so detained, 
must be made in writing by some person pro- 
perly authorized by the owner of the proper- 
tv ; and upon refusal to restore it, the law 
presumes an unlawful conversion, and the 
party is entitled to this action, and will re- 
cover damages to the value of the property 
detained. As trover implies trespass, the 
smallest damages will carry costs. A similar 
action may be brought for the unlawful de- 
tention of any property, on which the specilic 
article so detained may be recovered ; but as 
articles detained must be precisely stated in 
the declaration, and is attended with some 
difficulty, this action is very seldom brought. 
TROUT. See Salmo. 
TROY -WEIGHT, one of the most an- 
tient of the different kinds used in Britain. 
The ounce of this weight was brought from 
Grand Cairo in Egypt, about the time of the 
crusades, into Europe, and first adopted in 
Troyes, a city of Champagne, whence the 
name. The pound English troy contains 12 
ounces, or 5760 grains. It was formerly 
used for every purpose; and is still retained 
for weighing' gold, silver, and jewels; in 
some degree for compounding medicines ; for 
experiments in natural philosophy ; and for 
comparing different weights with each other. 
Trov- weight, Scots, was established bv 
James VI. in the year i()13, who enacted* 
that only one weight should be used in Scot- 
land, viz. the trench troy 'stone of 16 pounds, 
and 16 ounces in the pound. 'The pound 
contains . 7600 grains, and is equal to 17 oz. 
6 dr. avoirdupois. The cwt. or 112 lb. 
avoirdupois, contains only 103 lb. 2\ oz. of 
this weight, though generally reckoned equal 
to 104 lb. 'This weight is nearly, if not ex- 
actly, the same as that of Paris and Amster- 
dam ; and is generally known by the name 
of Dutch weight. 'Though prohibited by the 
articles of union, it is still used in weighing 
iron, hemp, flax, most Dutch and Baltic 
goods, meal, butchers-meat, unwrought pew- 
ter and lead, and some other articles. See 
Weights. 
TRUCE, in war, denotes a suspension of 
arms, or a cessation of hostilities between two 
armies, in order to settle articles of peace, 
burv the dead, or the like. 
TRUFFLES, in natural history, a kind of 
subterraneous puff-ball, being a species of 
fungi, which grows under the surface of the 
earth. See Lycoperdon. 
TRUMPE T, the loudest of all portable 
wind instruments, and-consisting of a folded 
tube generally made of brass, and sometimes 
of silver. 
'The antients had various instruments of the 
trumpet kind, as the tuba, cornua, &c. 
Moses, as the scripture informs us, made two 
of silver to be used by the priests ; and Solo- 
mon, Josephus tells us, made two hundred 
lik those of Moses, and for the same purpose. 
The modern trumpet consists of a mouth- 
piece, near an inch across. 'The pieces which 
conduct the wind are called the branches ; 
the parts in which it is bent the potences ; 
and the canal between the second bend and 
the extremity the pavilion ; the rings where 
the branches take asunder, or are soldered 
together, the knots, which are five in num- 
ber, and serve to cover the joints. 
One particular in this powerful and noble 
instrument is, that, like tlu> horn, it only 
commands certain notes within its compass. 
'The trumpet produces, as natural and easy 
sounds, G above t he bass-cliff note, or fiddle 
G, C on the iirst ledger line below in the 
treble, E on the first line of the stave, G on 
the second line, C on the third space, and all 
the succeeding notes up to C in alt, including 
the sharp of F, the fourth of the key. 
Solo performers can also produce B flat 
(the third above the treble-cliff ndle) and by 
the aid of a newly invented slide many other 
notes which the common trumpet cannot 
sound are now produced. 
A method has lately been discovered for 
varnishing the inside of trumpets, so as not to 
injure the fineness of the sound, and yet to 
prevent the deleterious effects occasioned by 
drawing in the oxide of copper into the lungs. 
'Trumpet marine, a kind of monochord, 
consisting of three tables, which form its 
triangular body. It has a very narrow neck, 
with one thick string, mounted on a bridge, 
which is firm on one side, and tremulous on 
the other. It is struck with a bow by the 
right hand, while the thumb of the left is 
pressed on the string. The peculiarity of its 
sound, which resembles that of the trumpet, 
is produced by the tremulation of the bridges* 
Ibis insrument, like that of l he tones of which 
it imitates, is confined to certain notes, and 
some of th sc are imperfect. 
f rum i j et, harmonica/, an instrument that 
imitates the sound of a trumpet, which it 
resembles in every thing, excepting that it is 
longer, and consists of more branches ; it is 
generally called sackbut. 
'Trumpet, speaking, is a tube from six to 
fifteen feet long, made of tin, perfectly 
straight, and with a very large aperture ; the 
mouth-piece being large enough to receive 
bolli lips. 
The speaking-trumpet, or stentorophonic 
tube, as some call it, is used for magnifying 
sound, particularly that of speech, and thus 
causing it to be heard at a great distance. 
How it does this will be easy to understand 
from the structure of it, thus illustrated : Let 
AC B be the tube, BD the axis, and B the 
mouth-piece for conveying the voice to the 
tube. • Plate Miscel, fig. 244. 
It is then evident, when a person speaks 
at B in the trumpet, the whole force of his 
voice is spent upon the air contained in the 
tube, which will be agitated through the 
whole length of the tube; and by various 
reflections from the side of the” tube; to 
the axis, the air along the middle part of 
the tube will be greatly condensed, and its 
momentum proportionality increased, so that 
when it comes to agitate the air at the orifice 
of the tube. AC, its force will be as much 
greater than what it would have been without 
the tube, as the surface of a sphere, whose 
radius is equal to the length of the tube, is 
greater than the surface of the segment of 
such a sphere, whose base is the orifice of the 
tube. See Sound. 
For a person speaking at B, without the 
tube, will have the force of his voice spent in 
exciting concentric superficies of air all 
around the point B ; and when those super- 
tides or pulses of air are diffused as far as D 
every way, it is plain the force of the voice 
will be diffused through the wdiole superficies 
of a sphere whose radius is BD; but in the 
trumpet it will be so confined, that at its exit 
it will be only diffused through so much of 
that spherical surface of air, as corresponds 
to the orifice of the tube. But since the 
force is given, its intensity will be always in- 
versely, as the number of particles it has to 
move ; and therefore in the tube it will be to 
that without, as the superficies of such a 
sphere to the area of the large end of the tube 
nearly. 
To make this niattbr yet plainer by calcu- 
lation, lei BD=5 feet, then will the diameter 
of the sphere DE =10 feet, the square of 
which is 100, which, multiplied by 0,7854, 
gives 78,54 square feet for the area of a great 
ciicle AHEI* C. And, therefore, four times 
that area, viz. 4x 78,54=314, 1 6 square feet 
in the superficies of the aerial sphere. If now 
the diameter AC, of the end of a trumpet, is 
one foot, its area will be 0,7854; but 7854 : 
314. 16 ; : 1 : 400, therefore the air at the dis- 
tance of BD, w'ill be agitated by means of the 
trumpet, with a force 400 times greater than 
by the bare voice alone.- Again, it is farther 
evident how instruments of 'this form neces- 
sarily assist the hearing; for the weak and lan- 
guid pulses of the air being received by the 
