T Y C 
TYP 
TUS 
gam-lac in grains four ounces ; put it into a 
'strong hot le with a pound of good spirit of 
wine, and add about the bulk ot a hazel-nut 
of camphor. Aliow them to mix in summei 
in the sun, or in winter on hot embers tor 
twenty-four hours, shaking the bottle from 
time to time. Pass the whole through a line 
cloth, and throw away what remains upon it. 
Then let it settle for twenty-four hours, and 
you will find a clear part i'n the upper part 
of the bottle, which you must separate gently 
and put into another vial, and the remains 
will serve for the first layers. 
TURNPIKE, a gate set up across a road, 
watched by an officer for the . purpose, in 
order to slop travellers, waggons, coaches, 
&c. to take toll of them towards repairing or 
keeping the roads in repair. 
Justices of the peace, and other commis- 
sioners, are authorised to appoint surveyors 
of the roads, and collectors of toll. In case 
any persons shall drive horses or other cattle 
through grounds adjoining to the highways, 
thereby to avoid the toll, they are liable to 
forfeit 105. Likewise if any one assaults a 
collector of the tolls, or by force passes 
through a turnpike-gate without paying, he 
forfeits bl- leviable by justices of peace ; and 
maliciously pulling down a turnpike is deem- 
ed felony, &c. It is also enacted, that 
20?. shall be paid for every hundred that a 
carriage with its loading weighs above 6000 
pounds weight, and that engines may he set 
up at turnpikes for weighing such carriages. 
TURPENTINE. See Pinus, and Re- 
sins. 
TURRiE, a genus of plants of the class 
and order decandria monogynia. The calyx 
is one-leafed, bell-shaped, live-toothed, very 
small, permanent. There are live species, 
shrubs of the East Indies. 
TURRITIS, tower-mustard, a genus of 
the tetradynamia siliquosa class of plants, with 
a tetrapetalous crucilorm flower : its fruit is 
an extremely long pod, containing numerous 
seeds. There are eight species. 
TUSCAN ORDER. See Architec- 
ture. 
TUSSILAGO, colds -foot, a genus of 
plants of the class syngenesia, and order po- 
ly garni a superflua ; and in the natural sys- 
tem ranging under the 49th order, composi- 
te. The receptacle is naked ; the pappus 
simple ; the scales of the calyx equal, of the 
same height as the disk, and somewhat mem- 
branaceous. There are fourteen species, 
three of which are indigenous to Britain, the 
farfara, hybrida, and petasites. The farfara, 
or common colt’s-foot, grows plentifully on 
the banks of rivulets, or in moist and clayey 
soils. The leaves were formerly smoked in 
the manner of tobacco, and a syrup or decoc- 
tion of them and the flowers stands recom- 
mended in coughs and other disorders of the 
breast and lungs. It seems now to be almost 
entirely rejected. The downy substance under 
the leaves, boiled in a lixivium with a little 
saltpetre, makes excellent tinder. The pe- 
tasites, or common butter-bur, is frequent in 
wet meadows, and by the sides of rivers. Its 
leaves are the largest of any plant in Great 
Britain, and in heavy rains afford a seasonable 
shelter to poultry and other small animals. 
The root dug up 'in the spring is resinous and 
aromatic. 
TUTOR, in the civil law, is one chosen 
to look to the person and estate of children 
left by their fathers and mothers in their mi- ■ 
nority. A person nominated tutor either by 
testament, or by the relations of the minor, is 
to decline that office if he has five children 
alive* if he has any other considerable tutorage, 
if he is under twenty-five years of age, if he is 
a priest, -or a regent in an university, or if lie 
has any law-suit with the minors, &c. The 
marriage of a pupil, without the consent of his 
tutor, is invalid. Tutors may do any thing 
for their pupils, but nothing against them; and 
the same laws which put them under a neces- 
sity of preserving the interest of the minors, 
put them under an incapacity of hurting 
them. 
Tutor, is also used in our universities for 
a member of some college or hall, who takes 
on him the instruction of some young students 
in the arts or faculties. 
TUTORAGE, tutela, in the civil law, a 
term equivalent to guardianship in the com- 
mon law, signifying an office imposed on any 
one to take care of the effects of one or more 
minors. See Guardian, and Tutor. 
By the Roman law, there are three kinds of 
tutorage ; testamentary, which is appointed by 
the father’s testament; legal, which is given by 
the law to the nearest relation ; and dative which 
is appointed by the magistrate. But in all cus- 
tomary provinces, all tutorages are dative and 
elective ; and though the father has by testa- 
ment nominated the next relation to his pupil, 
yet is not that nomination of any force, unless 
the choice is confirmed by that of the magis- 
trate, &c. By the Roman law, tutorage ex- 
pires at fourteen years of age. 
TUTTY. See Zinc. 
TWA-NIGHTS GESTE, among our an- 
cestors, was a guest that staid at an inn a se- 
cond night, for whom the host was not an- 
swerable for any injury done by him, as he 
was in case of a third night awn hyride. 
TWELF-HINDI, among the English Sax- 
ons, was where every person was valued at a 
certain price; and if any injury was done ei- 
ther to a person or his goods, a pecuniary 
mulct was imposed, and paid in satisfaction of 
that injury, according to the worth and qua- 
lity of that person to whom it was done, in 
which case such as were worth 1200 shillings 
were called twelf-hindi ; and if an injury was 
done to such persons, satisfaction was to be 
made accordingly. 
TWI-HINDI, among our Saxon ancestors, 
were persons valued at 200s. These men were 
of the lowest degree, and if such were killed, 
the mulct was 30s. SeeTwELFHiNDi. 
TWILIGHT. See Astronomy. 
TYCHONIC SYSTEM or Hypothesis, 
an order or arrangement of the heavenly bo- 
dies, of an intermediate nature betwentheCo- 
pernicaR and Ptolemaic, or participating alike 
of them both. 
This system had its name and original from 
Tycho Brahe, a nobleman of Denmark who 
lived in the latter part of the 17th century. 
This philosopher, though he approved of the 
Copernican system, yet could not reconcile 
himself to the motion of the earth ; and being 
on the other hand convinced the Ptolemaic 
scheme could not be true, he contrived one 
different from either. In this the earth has no 
motion allowed it,, but the annual and diurnal 
B3v, 
phenomena are solved by the motion of the 
sun about the earth, as in the Ptolemaic 
scheme; and those of Mercury and Venus are 
solved by this contrivance, though not in the 
same manner, nor so simply and naturally, as. 
in the Copernican system. The Tychomc sys- 
tem then supposed the earth in the centre of 
the world, that is, of the Immanent of stars, 
and also of the orbits of the sun and moon ; 
but at the same time it made the sun the cen- 
tre of the planetary motions, viz. of the orbits 
of Mercury , Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. 
Thus the sun with all its planets, was made 
to revolve about the earth once a year, to 
solve the phenomena arising from the annual 
motion, and every twenty -four hours, to ac- 
count for those of the diurnal motion. But 
this hypothesis is so monstrously absurd, and 
contrary to the great simplicity of nature, and, 
in some respects, even contradictory to ap- 
pearances, that it obtained but little credit, 
and soon gave way to the Copernican sys- 
tem. 
After this scheme had been proposed for 
some time, it received a correction by allow- 
ing the earth a motion about its axis to- 
account for the diurnal phenomena of the hea- 
vens ; and so this came to he called the semi- 
tychonic system. But this was still void of 
the truth, and encumbered with such hypo- 
theses as the true mathematician and the ge- 
nuine philosopher could never relish. 
TYLE. See Tile. 
TYMPANUM, or Tympan, in mecha- 
nics, a kind of wheel placed round an axis or 
cylindrical beam, on the top of which are two 
levers or fixed staves, for the more easy fum- 
ing the axis, in order to raise a weight re- 
quired. The tympanum is much the same 
with the peritrochium, but that the cylinder 
of the axis of the peritrochium is much shorter,, 
and less than the cylinder of the tympanum. 
.Tympanum of a machine, is also used for 
a hollow wheel, wherein one or more people,, 
or other animals, walk to turn it; such as that 
of some cranes, calenders, &c. 
TYPE, a copy, image, or resemblance of 
some model. - This word is much used among 
divines, to signify a symbol, sign, or figure of 
something to come. 
Type, among letter- founders and printers, 
the same with letter. 
Types for printing. In the business of 
cutting, casting, &c. letters for printing, the 
letter-cuttermustbe provided with a vice, hand- 
vice, hammers, and files of all sorts for watch- 
makers’ use; as also gravers and sculptors of 
all sorts, and an oil-stone, & c. suitable and 
sizeable to the several letters,' to be cut i a fiat 
gage made of box to hold a rod of steel, or the 
body of a mould, &c. exactly perpendicular 
to the flat of the using file: a sliding-gage, 
whose use is to measure and set off distances 
between the shoulder and the tooth, and to 
mark it off from the end, or from the edge of 
the work ; a face-gage, which is a square notch 
cut with a file into the edge of a thin plate of. 
steel, iron, or brass, of the thickness of a 
piece of common tin, whose use is to propor- 
tion the face of each sort of letter, viz. long 
letters, ascending letters, and short letters.. 
So there must be three gages, and the gage for 
the long letters is the length of the whole bo- 
dy supposed to be divided into 42 equal parts. 
The gage for the ascending leUersJRoman and, 
