S :1S 
V E N 
V E N 
part of the threads of (lie warp, which the 
workman puts on a long narrow-channeled 
ruler or needle, which he afterwards cuts, by 
drawing a sharp steel tool along the channel 
of the needle to the ends of the warp. 
ihere are velvets of various kinds, as 
Plain, tnatis, uniform and smooth, without 
either figures or stripes. 
Figured velvet, that is, adorned and worked 
with divers figures, though the ground is the 
same with the figures; that is, the whole sur- 
face velveted. 
Ram aged or branched velvet, representing 
long stalks, branches, &c. on a satin ground, 
■which is sometimes of the same colour with 
■the velvet, but more usually of a different 
one. Sometimes, instead of satin, thev 
■make the ground of gokl and silver ; whence 
the denominations of velvets with gold ground, 
&c. 
Shorn velvet, is that wherein the threads, 
that make the velveting, have been ranged in 
the channeled ruler, but not cut there. 
Striped velvet, is that wherein there are 
■stripes of different colours running along the 
warp; whether these stripes are partly velvet 
and partly satin, or all velveted. Out vel- 
vet, is that whereon the ground is a kind of 
taffety, or gros de tours, and the figures vel- 
vet. 
Velvets are likewise distinguished, with re- 
gard to their different degrees of strength and 
goodness, into velvets of four threads", three 
threads, two threads and a thread and a half. 
The first are those where there are eight threads 
of shag, or velveting, to each tooth of the 
reed ; and the second have only six, and the 
rest four. 
In general, all velvets, both worked and 
* . cut, shorn and flowered, are to have their 
warp and shag of orgahsin, spun and twisted, 
or thrown in the mill ; and their woof of silk 
well boiled, &c. 
V ENTERING, Vaneering, or Fin ee ic- 
ing, a kind of marquetry, or inlaying, where- 
by several thin slices or leaves of fine woods, 
of different kinds, are applied and fastened 
on a ground of some common wood. 
There are two kinds of inlaying; the one 
which is the most common and more ordinary, 
goes no farther than the making of compart- 
ments of different woods ; the other requires 
much more art, in representing flowers, 
birds, and similar figures. 
I he first kind is properly called veneerin'*'; 
the latter is more properly called marquetry! 
The wood used in veneering is first sawed 
out into slices or leaves about a line iji thick- 
ness ; i. c, the twelfth part of an inch. In 
order to saw them, the blocks or planks are 
placed upright, in a kind of sawing-press. 
These Tices are afterwards cut into narrow 
slips, and fashioned divers ways, accordin'* 
to the design proposed ; then the joints haw 
ing been exactly and nicely adjusted, and 
the pieces brought down to their proper 
thickness with several planes for the pur- 
pose, they are glued down on a ground or 
block, with good strong English glue. 
The pieces being thus jointed and glued, 
the work, if small, is put in a press; if lame! 
it is laid on a bench covered with a board! 
and pressed down with poles or pieces of 
wood, one end of which reaches to the ceil- 
ing of the room, and the other bears on the 
board. 
V E N 
When the glue is thoroughly dry, it is 
taken out of the press, and finished ; first with 
little planes, then with scrapers, some of which 
resemble rasps, which take off the dents, &cc. 
left by the planes. 
Alter it has been sufficiently scraped, they 
poush it with the skin ot a dog-fish, wax, and 
a blush, or polisher ot ^have-grass ; which is 
tiie last operation. 
VENIRE FACIAS, in law, a writ judicial 
awarded to the sheriff to cailse a jury of the 
neighbourhood to appear, when a cause is 
brought to issue, to try the same ; and if the 
jury come not at the day of this writ, then 
there shall go a habeas corpora, and after a 
distress, till they appear. 2 Haw. 29S. 
^ enire facias, is also the common process 
upon any presentment, being in nature of 
a summons for the party to appear; and this 
is a proper process to be first awarded on an 
indictment lor any crime under the degree 
ot treason, or felony, or maihem, except in 
such cases wherein ‘other process is directed 
by statute. And it by the return to such 
venire, it appears that the party lias lands in 
the county, whereby he may be distrained, 
then a distress infinite shall " be issued from 
time to time till he appears ; but if the she- 
riff returns that he has no lands in his baili- 
wick, then upon his non-appearance, a writ 
of capias shall issue to take his body. 4 
Black. 313. 
\ ENI ILAGO, a genus of the class and 
order or plants pentandria monogynia. 'File 
calyx is tubular; corolla, scales protecting 
the stamen, which are inserted in the calyx. 
There is one species, a shrub of the East 
Indies. 
VENI ILATOE, a machine by which the 
noxious air of any close place, as an hospital, 
gaol, ship, chamber, &c. may be changed 
for fresh air. ° 
'1 he noxious qualities of bad air have been 
long known ; and Dr. Hales and others have 
taken great pains to point out the mischiefs 
arising from foul air, and to prevent or re- 
medy them. That philosopher proposed 
an easy and effectual one, by the use of his 
ventilators ; the account of which was read 
before the Royal Society in May 1741. In 
mines, ventilators may guard against the 
suffocations, and other terrible accidents, 
arising from damps. The air of gaols has 
often proved infectious ; and we had a fatal 
proof of this, by the accident that happened 
some years since at the Old Bailey sessions. 
Alter that, ventilators were used in the pri- 
so-:is, which were worked by a small windmill, 
as that placed on t lie top of Newgate ; and 
the prison became more healthy. 
Dr. Hales farther suggests', that venti- 
lators might be of use in making salt; for 
which purpose there should be a' stream of 
water to work them ; or they might be work- 
ed by a windmill,, and the brine should be in 
long narrow canals, covered with boards of 
canvas, about a foot above the surface of the 
brine, to confine the stream of air, so as to 
make it act upon the surface of the brine, and 
carry off the water in vapours. Thus it 
might be reduced to a dry salt, with a saving 
of fuel, in winter and summer, or in rainy 
weather, or any state of the air whatever. 
Ventilators, he apprehends, might also serve 
for drying linen hung in low, long, narrow 
galleries, especially in damp or rainy weather, 
and also in drying woollen cloths after they 
are fulled or dyed ; and in this rase the ven- 
iiiators might be worked by the fulling water* 
miih Venfilators might ‘also be ah useful 
appendage to malt and hop-kilns ; and the 
same author is farther of opinion, that a venti- 
lation of warm dry air from the adjoinin'* 
stove, with a cautious hand, might be ‘of ser- 
vice to trees and plants in green-houses ; 
where it is well known that air full of rancid 
vapours which perspire from the plants, is 
very unkindly to them, as well as the va- 
pours from human bodies are to men; for 
tresh air is as necessary to the healthy state 
of vegetables, as of animals. Ventilators 
are also of excellent use for drying corn, 
hops, and malt. Gunpowder mav be tho- 
roughly dried, by blow ing air up through it 
by means of ventilators ; which is of great 
advantage to the strength of it. These ven- 
tilators, even tiie smaller ones, will also serve 
to purify most easily, and effectually, the 
bad air ota ship’s well, before a person is sent 
down into it, bv blowing air through a tank 
reaching near the bottom of it. "'And in a 
similar manner may stinking water, and ill- 
tasted milk, & c. be sweetened, viz. by pass- 
ing a current of air through them, from bot- 
tom to top, which will carry the offensive 
particles along with it. 
The method of drawing off air from ships 
by means of fire-pipes-, which some have pre- 
ferred to ventilators, was published bv sir 
Robert Moray, in the Philos. Trans, for 
1 6(35 . I hese are metal pipes, about 21- 
inches diameter, one of which reaches from 
the fire-place to the well of the ship, and 
Hire other a branches go to other parts of the 
ship ; the stove-hole and ash-hole being 
closed up, the lire is supplied with air through 
these pipes. ° 
In the latter part of the year 1741, Mr. 
Triewald, military architect to the king of 
Sweden, informed the secretary to the Royal 
Society, that he had in the preceding spring 
invented a machine for the use of ships of 
war, to draw out the foul air from under their 
decks, which exhausted 36172 cubic feet of 
air in an hour, or at the rate of 21732 tuns in 
24 hours. In 1742 he sent one of these to 
France, which was approved of by the Aca- 
demy of Sciences at Paris, and the navy of 
trance was ordered to be furnished with the 
like ventilators- 
There are various ways of ventilation, or 
changing the air of rooms. Mr. Tidd con- 
trived to admit fresh air into a room, by tak- 
ing out the middle upper sash pane of glass, 
and fixing in its place a frame box, with a 
round hole in its middle, about six or seven 
inches diameter; in win h hole are fixed 
behind each other, a set of sails of very thin 
broad copper-plates, which spread over and 
cover the circular hole, so as to make the 
air which enters the room, and turning round 
these sails, to spread round in thin sheets 
sideways; and so not to incommode persons 
by blowing directly upon them, as it would 
do, it it was not hindered by the sails. 
This method however is very unseemly 
and disagreeable in good rooms; and there- 
fore. instead of if, the late ingenious Mr. John 
V hitehurst substituted another ; which was 
to open a small square or rectangular hole 
m the party-wall of the room, in 'the upper 
part near the ceiling, at a corner-or part' dis- 
tant from the lire ; and before it he placed a 
