U T E 
V U L 
V U L 
whether the borrower made any advantage of 
l or the lender suffered any prejudice for 
w ant of it, or whether . it shall be repaid on 
(the appointed time or not; and in a large 
lense, it seems, that all undue advantages, 
taken by a lender against a borrower, came 
kinder the notion of usury. Haw. 245. 
I The statute 12 Anne, c. 16, enacts that no 
person, upon any contract which shall be 
knade, shall take for loan of any money, 
[wares, &c. above the value of 5 /. for the for- 
bearance of 100/. for a year ; and all bonds 
fend assurances for tire payment of any money 
to be lent upon usury, whereupon or where- 
by there shall be reserved or taken above five 
pounds in the hundred, shall be void; and 
every person who shall receive, by means of 
any corrupt bargain, loan, exchange, shift, or 
interest, of any wares or other things, or by 
>any deceitful way, for forbearing or giving 
day of payment for one year, for their money 
mr other things, above 5 /. for 100/. for a year, 
&c. shall forfeit treble the value of the moneys 
lor other things lent. 
But if a contract, which carries interest, is 
'made in a foreign country, our courts will di- 
rect the payment of interest according to the 
'law of that country in which the contract was 
made. Thus Irish, American, Turkish, and 
Indian interest, have been allowed in our 
courts, to the amount each of 12/. per cent. 
For the moderation or exorbitance of interest 
depends upon local circumstances ; and the 
refusal to enforce such contracts would put a 
■stop to all foreign trade. 2 Black. 463, 
In an action brought for usury, the statute 
made against it must be pleaded ; and in 
pleading an usurious contract as a bar to an 
action, the whole matter is to be set forth 
specially, because it lies within the party’s 
own privity ; yet on an information on the 
statute for making such contract, it is suffici- 
ent to mention the corrupt bargain generally, 
because matters of this kind are supposed to 
be privily transacted ; and such information 
may be brought by a stranger. 1 Hawk. 
1’. C. 248. Likewise upon an information on 
the statute against usury, he that borrows the 
money may be a witness, after he has paid 
the same. 
UTENSILS, in a military sense, are ne- 
cessaries due to every soldier, and to be fur- 
nished by his host where he is in quarters, 
viz. bed with sheets, a pot, a glass or cup to 
' drink out of, a dish, a place at the fire, and a 
i candle. 
Utensils, &c. directed to be provided 
for the use of regimental hospitals : 
In page 19, of the Regulations for the 
Sick, it is stated, that each hospital ought to 
be furnished with a slipper-bath, or bathing- 
tub, two water-buckets, one dozen of Osna- 
burgh towels, one dozen of llannel cloths, 
half a dozen of large sponges, combs, razors, 
and soap ; two large kettles, capable of mak- 
j ing soup for 30 men, two large tea-kettles, 
two large tea-pots, two saucepans, 40 tin 
cans of one pint each, 40 spoons, one dozen 
J of knives and forks, two close-stools, two 
1 bed-pans, and two urinals. 
A regiment consisting of 1 000 men, and 
l provided with three medical persons, ought to 
I be furnished with hospital necessaries and 
[ utensils for at least 40 patients.. It should be 
1 provided with 40 cotton night-caps; 40 sets of 
bedding, in the proportion of four for every 
hundred men; each set consisting of one pail- 
lasse, one straw mattrass, one bolster, three 
sheets, two blankets, and one rug. 
For regiments of smaller number, the 
quantity ot hospital necessaries will of course 
be proportionally reduced. 
Utensils, bakery. The following list of 
bakery utensils, being the proportion requi- 
site for an arm v of 36,000 men, has been ex- 
tracted from the British Commissary, to 
which useful treatise we refer the military 
reader for a specific description of field ovens, 
&c. and field bakery, page 1 6, &e. 
12 double iron ovens, 1 1 feet long, 9 feet 
diameter, and 3 feet high ; 28 troughs and 
their covers, 16 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 
feet deep, to knead the dough. 
12 large canvas tents (having double co- 
verings), 32 feet long, and 24 feet wide, to 
make the bread in. 
4 ditto, to cool and deposit the bread in. 
2 ditto, to deposit the meal and empty 
sacks in. 
2000 boards, 8 feet long, and If foot wide, 
to carry the bread to the oven, and back 
when baked ; 24 small scales to weigh the 
dough, with weights from half an ounce to 
61b. ; 24 small lamps for night work ; 24 
small hatchets ; 24 scrapers, to scrape the 
dough from the troughs ; 12 copper kettles, 
containing each from ten to twelve pails of 
water; 12 trevets for ditto; 12 barrels with 
handles, to carry water, containing each from 
6 to 7 pails. 
12 pails, to draw water ; 24 yokes and 
hooks, to carry the barrels by hand ; 24 iron 
peles, to shove and draw the bread from the 
ovens ; 24 iron pitchforks, to turn and move 
the firewood and coals in the ovens ; 24 spare 
handles, 14 feet long, for the peles and pitch- 
forks ; 24 rakes, with handles of the same 
length, to clear away the coals and cinders 
from the ovens ; 4 large scales, to weigh the 
sacks and barrels of meal, and capable of 
weighing 5001b. ; 4 triangles for the said 
scales ; to each must be added 5001b. of 
weights, 3 of 100lb. each, 2 of 501b. each, 
and downwards to half a pound. 
UTERUS. See Anatomy. 
T TLAGATO capiendo quando utlagatur 
in uuo comitatu et postea fugit in alum. A 
writ for the taking’ of an Outlawed person in 
one county, who afterwards flies into another. 
UTRICULARIA, a genus of plants of the 
class diandria, and order monogynia ; and in 
the natural system arranged under the 24th 
order, corydales. The calyx is ringent, with 
a nectarium resembling a spur; the corolla 
diphyilous and equal ; the capsule unilocu- 
lar. There are 13 species, two of which are 
natives of Britain. They have been applied 
to no particular use. 
UVARIA, a genus of plants of the class 
and order polyandria polygamia. The calyx 
is three-leaved ; petals six ; berries nume- 
rous, pendulous, four-seeded. There are 
eleven species, shrubs and trees of the East 
Indies. 
VULTUR, a genus of birds belonging to 
the order of accipitres. The beak is straight, 
and crooked at the point ; the head has no 
feathers, on the fore part there being only 1 
5 S 2 
j 873 
naked skin, and the tongue is generally bifid. 
There are twenty-one species. The most 
remarkable are, 
1. Gryphus, the condor, which is not only 
the largest of this genus, but perhaps of all 
which areableto fly. The accounlsof authors 
in regard to the strength of this bird, and its 
extent of wing, are various. From nine to 
eighteen feet from the tip of one wing to that of 
the other has been mentioned ; and one gives 
it strength sufficient to carry off sheep, and 
boys of ten years old ; while another ventures 
to affirm, that it can lift an elephant from the 
ground high enough to kill it by the fall ! The 
account, however, given in Cook’s Voyage, is 
very nearly, if not precisely, the truth, which 
states the extent of wing at about 1 1 feet. The 
bill is strona, moderately hooked, and blunt 
at the tip, which is white, the rest of it being 
of a dusky colour. On the top of the head 
runs a kind of caruneulated substance, stand- 
ing up like the comb of a cock. The head 
and neck are slightly covered with brown 
down, in some parts nearly bare, and here 
and there a caruneulated* part, as in the 
neck of a turkey. The lower part of the neck 
is surrounded with a ruff of a pure white and 
hairy kind of feathers. The upper parts of 
the body, wing, and garl, are black, except 
that the middle wing-coverts have whitish 
ends, and the greater coverts half black half 
white. The nine or ten first quills are black ; 
the rest white, with the tips only black ; and 
when the wings are closed, producing the ap- 
pearance of the bird having the back white. 
The under par is of the body are rather slightly 
covered with feathers ; but those of the thighs 
are pretty long. The legs are stout and brown ; 
claws black and blunt. 
These birds are said to make their nests 
among the inaccessible rocks, and to lay two 
white eggs, larger than those of a turkey ; are 
very destructive to sheep, and will in troops 
often attempt calves ; in which case, some of 
them first pick out the eyes, whilst others at- 
tack the poor animal on all sides, and soon 
tear him to pieces. This gives rise to the fol- 
lowing stratagem, used by the peasants of 
Chili: One of them wraps himself up in the 
hide of a fresh-killed sheep or ox, and lies still 
on the ground ; the condor, supposing it to be 
lawful prey, flies down to secure it, when the 
person concealed lays hold of the legs of the 
bird, his hands being well covered with gloves ; 
and immediately his comrades, who are con- 
cealed at a distance, run in, and assist to se- 
cure the depredator, by falling on him with 
sticks till they have filled him. 
2. The perenopterus, or Egyptian vulture. 
The appearance of this bird is as horrid as can 
well be imagined, viz. the face is naked and 
wrinkled ; the eyes are large and black ; the 
beak black and hooked ; the talons large, and 
extending ready for prey ; and the whole body 
polluted with filth : these are qualities enough 
to make the beholder shudder with horron. 
Notwithstanding this, the inhabitants of Egypt 
cannot be thankful enough to Providence for 
this bird. All the places round Cairo are 
filled with the dead bodies of asses and camels ; 
and thousands of these birds fly about, and 
devour the carcases before they putrify and 
fill the air with noxious exhalations. The in- 
habitants of Egypt, and after them Maillet in 
his Description of Egypt, say, that they yearly 
follow the caravan to Mecca, and devour the 
