WARS. 
882 
Meanwhile, military- seminaries for the 
instruction of those destined to become offi- 
cers h ive been established, able masters have 
been also provided, and the arts and sciences 
connected with war, are now publicly taught. 
By the institution of the volunteers, the ge- 
nius of the nation has been also of late years 
directed in an eminent degree to mili- 
tary affairs ; and it seems now to be establish- 
ed as a principle, that an army has become to 
the full as necessary as a fleet, for the defence 
of our own islands, as well as the annoyance 
of the dominions of our enemies. 
Before we conclude this subject, it may be 
necessary to enumerate a few of the general 
principles, laid down by those who have 
treated of the art of modern warfare; ob- 
serving at the same time, that they apply 
rather to a continent than an island. 
1. It is necessary to have magazines for 
the supply of an army, and fortresses for the 
protection of these supplies. 
2. There should be a range of fortresses 
on the same line, to serve as a base for future 
operations. 
3. To undertake with safety an offensive 
operation against the enemy, it is necessary 
that the- two fortresses at the extremities of 
this line, should be separate at such a distance 
from each other, that the two lines of ope- 
ration proceeding from them may meet at 
the given object, and form an angle of at least 
90 degrees. 
4. It is easier to stop the progress of an 
'enemy by occupying a frontier on his flank, 
than in his front. 
5. The best way of opposing an offensive 
operation, is to act offensively. 
6. The subsistence of the enemy’s army, 
jrather than the army itself, ought to be the 
chief object against which operations are to 
be directed. 
7. It is always possible to avoid a combat, 
by preventing the enemy from approaching 
too near. 
8. A general ought never to wait an at- 
tack, but to put himself in movement to act 
offensively, even if in possession of a strong 
position. 
9- An enemy can never be drawn up so 
as to prevent his flank from being t urned. 
10. The front opposed to the enemy 
ought to extend beyond, so as to envelope 
him, and he may be enveloped by an in- 
ferior number, provided it is posted on his 
flanks. 
11. The infantry ought to be constantly 
supported by the cavalry, and the best way 
of achieving this, is to draw up the latter in 
the rear. 
12. A column is the best defensive figure 
that can be assumed against cavalry. 
WARS. The following are the most re- 
markable wars in which this country has been 
engaged, since the 
\\ ar with Scotland, 1 068. 
t, ( ditto, 1 1 13. 
^^th {France, i 113. 
War vyith- France, 1116. 
Peace with 5 ditto > U 18. 
Peace with } Scotland, 1 139- 
War with France, 1161. 
Peace with ditto, 1186. 
War again with France, with success, 1 194. 
Peace with ditto, 1 195. 
( renewed, 1215 — ended, 1216. 
(fivil war with France, 1224-ended, 1234. 
( 1262 — ended, 1267. 
War civil f w ! th France > 12 9 4 - 
’ | with Scotland, 3296. 
Peace i w ! th France > 12 99- 
(with Scotland, 1323. 
/ again with Scotland, 1327. 
' ended, 1328. 
' ai \ again with Scotland, 1333. 
f with France, 1339. 
Peace with France, May 8, 1360. 
J with France, 1368. 
civil, 1400. 
with Scotland, 1400. 
Peace with France, May 31 
(with France, 142* 
1420. 
War 
civil, between York and Lancas- 
( ter, 1452. 
Peace with France, October 1471. 
( civil, i486. 
( with France, Oct. 6, 1 492. 
( with ditto, Nov. 3, 1492. 
( with Scotland, 1502. 
( with France, Feb. 4, 1512. 
( with Scotland, 1513. 
Peace with France, Aug. 7, 1514* 
,. T ... ( ditto, 1522. 
' Val “" h [Scotland, 1522. 
t France, 1527. 
( Scotland, 1542. 
War with Scotland directly after. 
Peace with France and Scotland, June 7, 
1546. 
(’Scotland, 1547. 
( France, 1549. 
Peace with both, March 6, 1550. 
civil, 1553. 
War 
Peace 
War 
Peace with 
War with 
{ civ 
wit 
wit 
Peace with 
with France, June 7, 1557. 
with Scotland, 1557. 
5 France, April 2, 1559. 
(Scotland, 1560. 
Peak France {Ig; 
Peace with ditto, Aug. 18, 1604. 
War with f Spain, 1624. 
war with | France> 1627- 
Peace with Spain and Franc*, April 14, 
1629. 
War l642> 
( with the Dutch, 1651. 
Peace with ditto, April 5, 1654. 
War with Spain, 1655. 
Peace with Spain, Sept. 10, 1660. 
Axr -i.i ( France, Jan. 26, 1666. 
Warw " ll j Denmark, Oct. 19, 1666. 
Peace with the French, Danes, and Dut-cb, 
Aug. 24, 1667. 
Peace with Spain, Feb. 13, 1668. 
War with the Algerines, Sept. 6, 1669- 
Peace with ditto, Nov. 19, 1671. 
War with the Dutch, March, 1672. 
Peace with ditto, Feb. 28, 1674. 
War with France, May 7, 1689. 
Peace, general, of Rhyswick,Sep. 20, 1697. 
War with France, May 4, 1702. 
Peace of Utrecht, March 13, 1713, 
War with Spain, Dec. 1718. 
Peace with ditto, 1721. 
Warmth j fvkice,' March 31, 1744. 
.Peace with France and Spain, Feb. 10, 
1763. 
War with the Caribbs of St. Vincent in 
1773. 
w (civil, in America, commenced Juij 
X 14,177.4, 
( with France, Feb. 6, 1 T/ 
War d with Spain, April 17, 178 
( with Holland, 1780. 
1*78. 
80. 
Peace with 
r France, 
]!&, ' Sept. 3 , , 783 . j 
(America, ^ 
War with France by the English, Prus-j 
itsians, Austrians, and other German powers, j 
in 1793. 
Peace between Prussia and the French! 
Republic, 1795. 
Peace between Spain and the French Ref! 
public, 1795. 
Peace between the French and the Sar-1 
dimans in 1796. 
Peace between the French and the Austri- 1 
ans in 1797. 
War between the British aud Tippoo Saibl 
in India, in 1797. 
War with the French Republic by the! 
Austrians, Russians, Neapolitans, &c. 1798.1 
War with the Turks, and the invasion ofl 
Egypt, in 1798. 
Peace between the French and the Rus-| 
sians in 1799. 
Peace between the French and Austrians 
in 1800. 
Preliminaries of peace commenced between 
the French and the Ottoman empire in conse- 
quence of the reduction of Egypt by the 
British forces in 1801. 
Preliminaries of peace between France and 
Great Britain, &c. 1801. 
Peace between France and England, 1802. 
War with France, 1803. 
Wars, different kinds of. There are four 
different kinds of war, each of which is to be 
conducted differently the one from the other, 
viz. the offensive ; the defensive ; that be- 
tween equal powers ; and the auxiliary, which 
is carried on out of our own territories to 
succour a prince or ally, or to assist a weaker 
whom a more powerful prince has attacked. 
Offensive war must be long meditated on 
in private before it is openly entered upon ; 
when the success will depend upon two es- 
sential points ; that the plan shall be justly 
formed, and the enterprise conducted with, 
order. It should be well and maturely con- 
sidered and digested, and with the greatest 
secrecy ; lest, however able the prince or his 
council may be, some of the precautions ne- 
cessary to be taken, should be discovered. 
These precautions are infinite both at home' 
and abroad. 
Abroad, they consist in alliances, and se- 
curity not to be disturbed in the meditated 
expedition, foreign levies, and the buying up 
of warlike ammunition, as well to increase 
your own stores as to prevent the enemy from 
getting them. 
The precautions at home, consist in pro- 
viding for the security of our distant frontiers, 
levying new troops, or augmenting the old 
ones, with as little noise as possihle ; furnish- 
ing your magazines with ammunition ; con- 
structing carriages for artillery and provi- 
sions ; buying up horses, which, should be 
done as much as possible among your neigh- 
bours ; both to prevent their furnishing the 
enemy, and to preserve your own for the 
cavalry and the particular equipages of the 
officers. 
Defensive war may be divided into three 
Kinds. It is either a war sustained by a prince, 
who is suddenly attacked by another superior; 
