WAR 
W A R 
lo him in troops and in means; or a prince 
ijnakes this sort of war by choice on one side 
Lf his frontiers, while he carries on offensive 
[war elsewhere ; or it is a war become defen- 
sive by the loss of a battle. 
F A defensive war which a prince attacked 
by a superior enemy sustains, depends en- 
tirely on the capacity of his general. His 
jpartfcular application should be, to choose 
^advantageous camps to stop the enemy, 
[without however being obliged to fight him ; 
to multiply small advantages ; to harass and 
perplex the enemy in his foraging parties, 
and to oblige them to do it with great es- 
corts ; to attack their convoys ; to render the 
passages of rivers or defiles as difficult to 
them as possible; to force them to keep to- 
gether ; if they want to attack a town, to 
throw in succours before it is invested; in 
short, in the beginning his chief aim should 
he, to acquire the enemy’s respect by his 
vigilance and activity, and by forcing him to 
be circumspect in his marches and manner 
of encampment, to gain time himself, and 
make the enemy lose it. An able general, 
carefuliy pursuing these maxims, will give 
-courage to his soldiers, and to the inhabitants 
of the country ; he gives time to his prince 
to take proper precautions to resist the 
enemy who attacks him ; and thus changes 
the nature of this vexatious kind of warfare. 
The management of a defensive war re- 
quires more military judgment than that of 
an offensive one. 
A war between equal powers, is that in 
which the neighbouring princes take no part, 
»o long as the belligerent parties obtain no 
f reat advantage, the one over the other. 
'his sort of war never should last long if you 
want to reap any advantages from it. As to 
its rules, they are entirely conformable to 
those already given.; but we may look on it 
as a certain maxim in this sort of war, that 
the general who is the most active and pene- 
trating, will ever in the end prevail over 
him, who possesses these qualities in a less 
degree ; because, by his activity and pene- 
tration, he will multiply small advantages, 
till at last they procure him a decisive superi- 
ority. A general who is continually atten- 
tive to procure himself small advantages, 
ever obtains his end, which is to ruin the 
enemy’s army ; in which case he changes the 
nature of the war, and makes it offensive ; 
which should ever be the chief object of his 
prince. 
Auxiliary) war, is that in which a prince 
succours his neighbours, either in conse- 
quence of alliances or engagements entered 
into with them, or sometimes to prevent 
their falling under the power of an ambitious 
prince. 
If it is in virtue of treaties, he observes 
them religiously, in furnishing the number 
of troopS prescribed, arid even offering to 
augment his quota if required; or in making 
a diversion by attacking the common enemy, 
-or his allies. 
If it is to prevent a neighbouring prince 
from being crushed by a power, who after 
i this conquest may become dangerous to 
yourself, there are several measures lo be 
taken for your own particular interest. One 
of the chief is, to exact from those you suc- 
cour, the possession of some place in security, 
lest they make their peace, without your 
knowledge, or to your prejudice^ 
The general, therefore, who is chosen for 
the command of this auxiliary corps, should 
have wisdom, penetration, and foresight ; 
wisdom, to preserve a proper discipline in 
his corps, that the allied prince may have no 
cause to complain of him ; foresight and pe- 
netration, to prevent his troops suffering for 
want of subsistence, or being exposed to the 
perils of war, but in proportion to their num- 
bers with those of the allied prince ; and fi- 
nally, that nothing shall pass without his 
knowledge, which may be prejudicial to his 
master. 
War, council of, is an assembly of great 
officers, called by a general, or commander, 
to deliberate with him on enterprises and at- 
tempts to be made. On some occasions, 
council of war is also understood of an assem- 
bly of officers, sitting in judgment on delin- 
quent soldiers, deserters, coward officers, 
&c. 
WARD, in law-books, a word of divers 
significations ; thus, a ward in London, is a 
part of the city committed to the special 
charge of one of the aldermen of the city. 
There are twenty-six wards in London, 
which are as hundreds, and the parishes 
thereof as towns. A forest is also divid- 
ed into wards, and so are most of our hos- 
pitals. 
WARDEN, one who has the charge or 
keeping of any person, or thing, by office. 
Such is the warden of the Fleet, the keeper 
of the Fleet-prison ; who lias the charge 
of the prisoners there, especially such as are 
committed from the court of chancery for 
contempt. 
Warden, in an university, is the head of a 
college, answering to what in other colleges 
we call the master. Warden, or lord-warden 
of the cinque-ports, is the governor of these 
noted havens, who has the authority of an 
admiral, and sends out writs in his own 
name. Warden of the mint, is an officer 
whose business it is to receive the gold and 
silver bullion brought by the merchants to 
pay them for it, and oversee the other offi- 
cers. He is called keeper of the exchange 
and mint. 
Warden, church. See Church-war- 
dens. 
WARDMOTE, in London, is a court so 
called which is kept in every ward of the city, 
answering to the curiata comitia in antient 
Rome. 
WARDS, was a courteffist erected in the 
reign of Henry VIII, anrl afterwards aug- 
mented by him with the issue of liveries ; 
whence it was styled the court of wards and 
liveries, but dissolved by 12 Car. II. 
WARDSHIP. In our antient customs, 
when the tenant died, and his heir was under 
the age of twenty-one being a male, or four- 
teen being a female, the lord was entitled to 
the wardship of the heir, and was called the 
guardian in chivalry. This wardship con- 
sisted in having the custody of the body and 
lands of such heir, without any account of the 
profits, till the age of twenty-one in males, 
and fourteen (which was afterwards advanced 
to sixteen) in females. For the law supposed 
the heir male unable to perform knight’s 
service till twenty-one ; but as for the female, 
she was supposed capable at fourteen to 
marry, and then her husband might perform 
the office. 2 Black. 67. This privilege of 
WAR S8$ 
the lord’s was abolished under the Common' 
wealth, and the abolition confirmed by slat* 
12 C. II. c. 24. 
WARNING-WHEEL, in a clock, is the 
third or fourth, according to its distance from 
the first wheel. See Clock-work. 
WARP, in the manufacture.., is trie threads, 
whether of silk, wool, linen, hemp, &c. that 
are extended lengthwise on the weaver’* 
loom ; and across which the workman by- 
means of his shuttle passes the threads of the 
woof, to form a cloth, ribband, fustian, or 
other stuff. 
For a woollen stuff to have the necessary 
qualities, it is required that the threads of th« 
warp should be of the same kind of wool, and 
of the same fineness, throughout ; that they 
are sized with Flanders or parchment-size r 
well prepared ; and that they should be in 
sufficient number with regard to the breadth 
of the stuff to be wrought. 
To warp a ship is to shift her from one 
place to another, when the wind and tide wiii 
permit it without danger. 
WARRANT, a precipe under hand and 
seal to some officer, to bring any offender 
before the person granting it; and warrants 
of commitment are issued by the privy coun- 
cil, a secretary of state, or justice of the 
peace, &c. where there has been a private 
information, or a witness had deposed against 
an offender. Wood’s Inst. 6 14. 
Any one under the degree of nobility may 
be arrested for a misdemeanour, or any thing 
done against the peace of the kingdom, by 
warrant from a justice of the peace; but if 
the person is a peer of the realm, he must be 
apprehended for a breach of the peace by- 
warrant out of B. 11. Dalt. Just. 263. 
A constable ought not to execute a jus- 
tice’s warrant, where the warrant is unlawful, 
or the justice has no jurisdiction; if he does 
he may be punished. Plow’d. 394. 
But if any person abuses it, by throwing it 
in the dirt, &c. or refuses to execute a law ful 
warrant, it is a contempt of the king’s pro- 
cess, for which the offender may be indicted’ 
and fined. Crompt. 149- 
A general warrant to apprehend all per- 
sons suspected, without naming or particu- 
larly describing any person in special, is il- 
legal and void for its uncertainty ; for it is 
the duty of the magistrate, and ought not to 
be left to the officer, to judge of the ground 
of the suspicion. Also a warrant to appre- 
hend all persons guilty of such a crime, is no 
legal warrant ; for the point upon which its 
authority rests, is a fact to be decided on a 
subsequent trial ; namely, whether the per- 
son apprehended thereupon is guilty oi not 
guilty. 4 Black. 291. 
A warrant may be law fully granted by any 
justice for treason, felony, or praemunire, or 
any other offence against the peace ; and it 
seems clear, that where a statute gives any 
one justice a jurisdiction over any offence, 
or a power to require any person to do a 
certain thing ordained by such a statute, it 
impliedly gives a power to every such justice 
to make out a warrant lo bring before him any- 
one accused of such offence, or compelled to 
do any thing ordained by such statute; tor 
it cannot but be intended, that a statute 
which gives a person jurisdiction over an of- 
fence, means also to give him the power in- 
cident to all courts, of compelling the party 
to come before him, 2 Haw. 84. 
