£t)4 
all veils ; for with this colour anil lake you 
may make the shades as strong as you please. 
1 his colour should never be purchased but 
by day-light; for if not good, it will but 
spoil your work. 
T.ake i ; a fine transparent colour, not much 
inferior tq carmine ; but in painting with 
■carmine on that part of the print on which the 
light is supposed to strike, lav on the first 
tint as light as possible, working it stronger as 
it grows darker, and touch it in the darker 
parts with lake. 
Lake may be bought at most colour-shops, 
ready prepared for water-colours ; but if you 
are desirous of making it yourself, it is neces- 
sary to adhere to the following directions: 
Having prepared a lixivium, made with the 
ashes of vine-twigs, to three pints of it add 
a pound of the best ground brazil wood ; 
boil it till half the lixivium is evaporated ; 
strain of off; boil it again with the addition 
ot four ounces of fresh brazil wood, two 
ounces of cochineal, half an ounce of terra 
marita, and a pint of fair water; let it evapo- 
rate as before; add half an ounce of burnt 
alum (reduced to an impalpable powder), 
a quarter of a drachm of arsenic; dissolve 
them in it, by stirring it with a stick; when 
•Settled, strain it. To -give this a body, 
reduce two cuttle-fish bones to a powder, 
and putting it in, let it dry leisurely. Grind 
-it in a quantity of fair water, in which you 
ni ay let it steep ; strain it through a cloth, 
and making it into a few cakes, set it by for 
•use, after drying it on a piece of marble. 
If you would have this lake redder, add 
some of the juice of a lemon ; and to make 
■it deeper, add oil of tartar. 
Another lake : Boil the shreds of super- 
fine scarlet cloth in a lye made of the ashes of 
Burnt tartar; when sufficiently boiled, add 
•some cochineal, powdered masticli, and 
•roche alum ; boil this again; while it is quite 
hot, strain it through a bag several times. 
The first time, the bag must-be strained from 
•top to bottom, and the remaining gross mat- 
ter being taken out, let the bag be well 
washed .; after this, strain the liquor through 
the bag again, and you will find a paste re- 
maining on the sides, which divide into small 
-cakes, and set by for use. 
Another lake : Steep four ounces of the 
'best brazil wood in a pint and a half of the 
finest distilled vinegar, for three weeks at 
least, though the longer it remains the better 
tit is ; seethe the whole in balneum markc, till 
it boils up three or four times; let it settle 
•for a day or two; put it to an ounce of pow- 
dered alum, and into a clean pan with the 
liquor ; let it remain for twenty-four hours ; 
heat the composition, and stir it till it is cold; 
when it has stood about twelve hours, strain 
it, and add two cuttle-fish benes, prepared as 
before. 
A liquid colour of a very good crimson, 
is made as follows : In twelve ounces o^pale 
stale beer, boil one ounce of ground brazil 
wood, till the colour is as strong as you de- 
-sire; strain it through a linen cloth, and bot- 
tle it up for use. If you want to bring this 
•colour to a body, take some dried ox-blood, 
reduced to a powder, and mix it with the co- 
lour. 
We have the following directions from Mr. 
'Boyle, for extracting a fine crimson from the 
iberry-bearing spinach, which, being pressed. 
AVATER- COLOURS. 
affords a very agreeable juice ; (o which add 
a fourth part ot alum ; bod it, and" when cold 
it is tit for use. 
Or you may extract a very beautiful red 
from the red beet-root, baked with a little 
strong vinegar and alum •- when cokf it is Jit 
lor use. 
Another way to make a crimson: Put 
twenty or more grains of bruised cochineal 
into a gallipot, with as many drops of the lye 
of tartar as will make it give forth its colour ; 
add to this mixture about half a spoonful of 
water, or more, and you will have a very 
agreeable purple ; reducing some alum to a 
very line powder, put it to the purple liquor, 
and you will have a beautiful crimson ; strain 
it through a fine cloth ; use it as soon as pos- 
sible: for though this is a colour which, if soon 
used, looks extremely well, yet by long 
standing it is subject to decay. 
Indian lake is far superior to any other of 
the kind, for the deep shade of reds of all 
kinds, and works as free as gamboge. The 
best is brought from China, in pots, and has 
the appearance of raspberry-jam, but very 
bitter to the taste : it requires no gum. 
Purples. Take eight ounces of logwood, 
a pint of rain water, and an ounce of alum ; 
infuse it well over a slow fire, in a well glazed 
pan or pipkin, for about twenty-four hours ; 
add a quarter of an ounce of gum-arabic, 
let it stand for a week : strain it through a 
piece of line cloth. Keep it close, or it will 
mould. 
Or you may make a redder purple, by add- 
ing to one ounce of the above, four ounces 
of brazil wood, and a pint of stale beer, boil- 
ing it till the liquor is as strong as you desire. 
It may be made darker, by adding more log- 
wood. 
The richest purple is made by blending 
carmine and Prussian blue, or indigo, to what 
shade you please. 
Blues. Ultramarine is the best and bright- 
est blue. Prepare it by heating six ounces 
of the lapis lazuli till it is red; cool it in 
strong vinegar ; grind it with a stone and 
muller to an impalpable powder; then make 
a composition of bees’-wax, resin-, linseed- 
oil, and turpentine, of each three ounces ; 
incorporate the whole together over a slow 
fire, till it is near boiling ; pour them into a 
pan well glazed. This is called the paste of 
ultramarine. The lapis lazuli being prepar- 
ed, add to it an equal quantity of the pastil, 
or paste ; mix them together thoroughly, 
and let them remain twelve hours. To ex- 
tract the ultramarine from, the paste, pours 
clearwater upon it; on pressing the paste 
with your hands, the ultramarine will come 
out for its reception, place a glass tumbler 
under your hand ; let it settle in this water till 
the ultramaripe sinks to the bottom. 
If the colour seems foul, cleanse it thus : 
Dissolve some tartar in water ; add as much 
of it to the ultramarine as will cover it ; let 
it stand twelve hours ; wash it in warm water, 
and you will have your colour well clarified 
and perfectly clean. Let your ultramarine 
be of a high colour, and well ground. 
Next to ultramarine in beauty, is Prussian 
blue ; but it does not grind kindly with 
water, on account of its oily substance. 
Blue bice is a colour of a very good body, 
anil Hows very agreeably in the pencil ; wash 
it according to the rules laid down for ultrama- 
rine. 
Blue verdiler is a very bright pleisant blue* 
of a good body, and works well wren ground'' 
with gum-water. It is a little iniiimble to, ■ 
and makes a very good green, 'when ground"'] 
with gamboge, or French berries. This blue® 
is mostly used for a skv, or a garment. 
Sanders blue is extremely serviceable in "l 
the shading of ultramarine, where no very® 
dark shades appear; when they do you may® 
add a little indigo to it. 
Litmus is a very agreeable blue. To! 
prepare it, taken quart ot small- leer wort, 
in which boil two ounces of litims, till the 
colour is as strong as you require ; pour the 
liquor into a glazed pipkin, and it will soon 
congeal. See Archil. 
Indigo is the darkest blue, is a soft free 
colour, and runs very warm in ti e pencil ; 
it requires to be well washed and ground ; 
and may be made darker or lighter] by the 
addition of more or less gum-water. Care 
is required in using this colour ; for, as we 
before hinted, its running so free may be a 
means of deceiving the student, and prove 
too dark for his purpose. 
Mr. Boyle lias given us the following di- 
rections for making a very fine colour of the 
blue leaves ot rue : by pressing, bruising, anil 
infusing both leaves and juice in pure water, 
for a fortnight, washing ■ them every davq 
incorporating them and the water till they 
become a pulp, letting them dry gradually, 
these will produce an excellent blue for 
shading, which runs free in the pencil ; put 
it into the powder of gum-arabic, winch will 
lie a means of making it keep ; add of the 
gum as you would have it more or less stiff 
in working. 
A fine transparent blue (from the preced- 
ing author), equal to a tint of ultramarine: 
The (lower from which this blue is extracted, 
is the centauria cyanus, or blue cornbottle/ 
possessed of two blues, the outer leaves being 
light, and the inner dark ; the latter is held in 
preference ; pick both from the buttons and 
cases in which they grow, the same day they 5 * 
w ere gathered. Having prepared a quantity 
of the middle leaves, press out as much juice 
as possible; with the addition of a little alum , 4 
you will be possessed of a fine, durable/ 
transparent blue, little inferior to ultramarine! 
The procuring of the flowers, and the pres! 
sure of the juice, should be done with all 
possible expedition, lest the flowers should 
lose then peifection. It lias been taoughtby 
some, it the leaves of these flowers were cur- 
ed as those of sattron, there would proceed 
I rom them a much greater quantity of colour, 
from which might be pressed more tincture 
than when fresh from the field, in curing of 
each it would appear, that each time the cake 
was turned, the (lowers would be darker, till 
they become a dark blue. Great care is re- 
quired in this operation, that the fire is kept 
very constant and gentle, that the flowers 
may not be scorched, which will bean incon- 
testable way of bringing the flowers to per- 
fection. Therefore, to put this operation in 
execution, a kiln must he procured, as lor 
curing saffron, the top of which is to be co- 
vered with hair-cloth; upon this lay several 
sheets of payer; afterwards a parcel of the 
inner leaves of the flowers, two or three 
inches thick, pressing them close, and spriu- 
; kling them with gum-water; after which, a 
j small charcoal fire must be made in the kiln, 
01 
