W A T 
V/ A T 
W A T 
finds nothing wanting to complete the whole. | 
Wherever he lays on strong touches, he j 
must be careful in those places to bring up | 
his work to an. equal roundness and strength, j 
tempering anti sweetening the colours with a 
sharper pencil than the first , that no lumps or 
harsh edojes may be left, but that the shadows 
jnav all lie dispersed, soft and smooth, and 
gliding gently into one another. 
The occasional roughness of your work 
need not discourage } on : for it is easily 
softened bv degrees, with other tints and 
shadows ; observing only to sweeten, mellow, 
and heighten them, according as the light 
happens to fall. 
A method has been lately discovered of 
combining the effects ot water-colours with 
those of crayon-painting, by means of wax 
crayons. It is an ingenious and pleasing 
mode of practice. See Wax Crayoxs. 
Various receipts for the use of those who 
paint in water-colours. 
Boil two ounces of the best and clearest 
glue, with one pint ol clear water, and half an 
ounce of the finest roche-almn, till dissolved. 
This is a very serviceable liquor, with which 
you may temper those colours intended for 
sky, as it will prevent them from cracking. 
To make a solution of gum. Dissolve an 
ounce ol the best white gum-arabic, and half 
an ounce of double relined sugar, in a quart 
of spring water; strain it through a piece of 
muslin, then bottle it off for use, keeping it 
free from dust. 
Another method. Take the whitest sort of 
gum-arabic, bruise and tie it in a piece of 
woollen doth, steep it in spring water till 
dissolved. If too stiff, which is known by the 
shifting of the colours, add more water ; if too 
weak, more gum. With this water you may 
temper most of your colours, using such a 
quantity of it, that the colours, when dry, 
being touched, will come off. 
To keep the flies from your ivork. Having 
prepared your gum- water according to either 
of the preceding directions, add a little co- 
loquintida, which, if your performance should 
be exposed, will keep it from being damaged 
by the flies. 
" To prepare alum-water. Take four ounces 
of roche-alum, and a pint of pure spring wa- 
ter; boil it till the alum is thoroughly dis- 
solved; lilt re it through blotting-paper, and 
it is fit for use. 
Before you lay on the colours, take some of 
this water hot, and with a sponge wet the 
back of the paper, which, if not good, must 
be wetted three or four times. This will not 
only prevent the sinking of the colours, but 
will also keep them from fading, and give an 
additional beauty and lustre. Remember 
that the paper must be dried each time be- 
fore you wet it again. 
To make lime-water. Put some unslacked 
lime in a well-glazed pan ; cover it with pure 
water one inch above the lime ; let it remain 
so tor one day, then strain off the water, and 
keep it for use. By the means of this water, 
you may change sap-green into blue. 
To make a lixivium of pearl-ashes. Steep 
half an ounce of pearl-ashes in clear water for 
one day ; strain off the water as clean as pos- 
sible; this infusion will prove extremely ser- 
viceable in many colours, 'particularly brazil 
-woo:', to which it will give an additional 
beauty and lustre. 
To recover d. e njed colours. T ake double- 
distilled rosemary-water, or pure essence oi 
rosemary, and with a tew drops temper your 
colours, which, however dead or. laded, will 
recover their primitive brilliancy. 'Phis es- 
sence will prevent the bubbles which are 
troublesome in grinding white and umber. 
To prepare a liquid gold for vi llum-pain 
ing, funs, l\c. .Having procured some of the 
finest leaf gold, grind it with strong gum-wa- 
ter, adding more gum-water as you see re- 
quisite ; when thoroughly ground, temper it 
with a small quantity of mercury sublimate, 
binding it in the shell with a little dissolved 
gum ; spread it equally over the shell, and 
use it with fair water only. 
A liquid silver, for the same use. The 
manner of making this is the same as that, ol 
liquid gold, only remembering to temper it 
with glaire of eggs, and not wathr. 
To make the glaire of eggs. _ Beat the 
whites with a spoon fill they rise in a foam ; 
let them stand 12 hours, and they wiil be 
clarified into good glaire. 
To recover liquid silver that has contract- 
ed rust. If your silver becomes rusty, cover 
that part of the performance with the juice of 
garlic, which will recover it effectually. 
To make a single ground to lay silver or 
gold upon. Take the new shreds of parch- 
ment (they being preferable to glove-leather), 
boil them in a quart of springrwater till con- 
sumed to a pint ; strain the size from the 
shreds, and put it into a well-glazed pan ; use 
it before it is cold. Be careful, when you 
lay on v our silver or gold, that your size is 
not too moist, nor too dry, for in either case 
you will be in danger of impairing your per- 
formance. 
The method of making size for candle- 
light pieces, has already been described. 
WATER COURSE. A-water course 
does not begin by prescription, nor assent, 
but begins ex jure naturae, having this course 
naturally; and cannot be diverted. ' 3 Bulst. 
340. 
WATERMEN. In London the lord 
mayor and court of aldermen have much 
power in governing the company of water- 
men, and 'appointing the fares for plying on 
the river Thames ; and justices for Middle- 
sex, and other adjoining counties, have also 
power to hear and determine offences, & c. 
See 10 G. II. c. 31. - 
WATER-SPOUT, an extraordinary aque- 
ous meteor, most frequently observed at sea. 
It is a truly formidable phenomenon, and is 
indeed capable of causing great ravages. It 
commonly begins by a cloud, which appears 
very small, and which mariners call the 
squall; which augments in a little time into an 
enormous cloud of a cylindrical form, or that 
of a reversed cone, and produces a noise like 
an agitated sea, sometimes emitting thunder 
and lightning, and also large quantities of rain 
or hail, sufficient to inundate large vessels, 
overset trees and houses, and every thing 
which opposes its violent impetuosity. 
These water-spouts are move frequent at 
sea than by land ; and sailors are so convinced 
of their dangerous consequences, that when 
they perceive their approach, they frequently 
endeavour to break them by firing a cannon 
before they approach too near the ship. They 
have also been known |to commit great 
devastations by land : though, where there 
is no water near, they generally assume !h,r 
harmless form of a whiilwind. To enabBj 
the reader to understand their nature, vvm 
shall preface the different theories by a short 
description of one of these wonderful appear- 
ances, as given by the celebrated M. Tournffl 
fort in his Voyage to the Levant: 
“ The first of these,” says this travelleffl 
“ that we saw, was about a musket-shot fro® 
our ship. There we perceived the water 
began to boil, and to rise about a foot 
above its level. The water was agitated and 
whitish; and above its surface there seen iel 
to stand a smoke, such as might be imagined! 
to come from wet straw before it begins to 
blaze. It made a sort of a murmuring sound, 
like that of a torrent heard at a distance, mix- 
ed, at the same time, with a hissing noisea 
like that of a serpent: shortly after we pern 
ceived a column of this smoke rise up to tbi| 
clouds, at the same time whirling about wifi 
great rapidity. It appeared to be as thick || 
one’s finger ;• and the former sound still com 
tinued. When this disappeared, after last 
ing for about eight minutes, upon turning U 
the opposite quarter of the sky, we perceived 
another, which began in the manner of lly 
former ; presently after a third appeared I 
the west; and instantly beside it still anoths 
arose. The most distant of these three coujj 
not be above a musket-shot from the shil 
They all continued like so many heaps 
wet straw set on lire, that continued to smom 
and to make the same noise as before. Y« 
soon alter perceived each, with its respectil 
canal, mounting up in the clouds; and spreal 
ing, where it touched the cloud, like tj| 
mouth of a trumpet ; making a figure, to el 
press it intelligibly, as if the tail of an anin! 
was pulled at one end by a weight. The! 
canals were of a whitish colour, and sotingel 
as I suppose, by the water which waseontail 
ed in them; for, previous to this, they we! 
apparently empty, and of the colour ot trail 
parent glass. 'J hese canals were not straigl* 
but bent in some parts, and tar from beiil 
perpendicular, but rising in their clouds wil 
a very inclined ascent. But wjiat is very p -M 
ticular, the cloud to which one of them wl 
pointed happening to be driven by the win! 
the spout still continued to follow its motiol 
without being broken ; and passing behiil 
one of the others, the spouts crossed eatl 
other, in the form of a St. Andrew’s crol 
In the beginningffhey were all about as thi J 
as one’s finger, exceptat the top, where th <1 
were broader, and two of them jdisappearel 
but shortly after the last of the three increaj 
ed considerably, and its canal, which was I 
first so small, soon became as thick as a mail 
arm, then as his leg, and at last thicker tha 
his whole body. We saw distinctly, tlirou J 
this transparent body, the water, which nil 
up with a kind of spiral motion ; and itsoml 
times diminished a little of its thickness, ail 
-again resumed the same ; sometimes wide! 
ing at top, and sometimes at bottom; exact! 
resembling a gut filled with water, press! 
with the fingers, to make the fluid rise or fall 
and I am wel! convinced that this alteratidj 
in the spout was caused by the wind, whiJ 
pressed the cloud, and compelled it to gi* 
up its contents. After some time its bul 
was so diminished as to be no thicker than! 
man’s arm again, and thus swelling and dim! 
nishing, it at last 'became very small. In thl 
end, I observed the sea which was raise* 
