W I N 
W I N 
W-I'N ' 
Miles 
per 
Hour. 
~~ 1 
2 . 
3 
4 
5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
60 
80 
100 
F eet per 
Perpendicular Force on one 
square Foot, in Avoirdupois 
Second. 
Pounds and Parts. 
1 .47 
.0051 Hardly perceptible 
2.93 
. 020 > Just perccptibe 
4.4 
.044 J 
5.87 
7.33 
Gently pleasant 
14.67 
. Pleasant, brisk 
22 . 
1 . 107 5 
' 29.34 
36.67 
3.’ 075i Ver 7 brisk 
44.01 
High wind 
51.34 
6.027 0 
58.68 
66.01 
9 ; 963 ? Very high wind 
73 . 35 
1 2 . 300 Storm or tempest 
88.02 
17.715 Great storm 
117.36 
31.490 Hurricane 
T Hurricane, that tears 
146.7 
49. 200 > up trees, and carries 
j buildings before it. 
WINDMILL, a kind of mill, the internal 
parts of which are much the same with those 
of a water-mill; from which, however, it dif- 
fers in being moved by the impulse of the 
wind upon its vanes, or sails, which are to be 
considered as a wheel on the axle. 
There are various kinds of windmills. We 
shall content ourselves with describing the 
horizontal windmill, the construction of which 
is not so generally known as that ot the others. 
Plate Windmill, represents an horizontal 
windmill erected about 50 years ago at a 
distillery near Battersea, for grinding malt 
and corn. AA (fig. 1) is the main shaft, 
which turns on a gudgeon working in a socket 
supported by solid masonry : this shaft has 
several wheels, as BB, attached to its upper 
part, as shewn in fig. 2, for carrying a great 
number of float-boards DD, similar to a wa- 
ter-wheel, except being a little conical. This 
wheel is inclosed in a frame EE, composed of 
several circular rings, connected by upright 
timbers, and strengthened by transverse 
braces, aild which has timbers across the top 
to support the upper gudgeon of the shaft AA. 
Within the frame EE, are a great number of 
boards extending from top to bottom, as 
shewn at EF : the boards tu rp on a centre at 
the edge nearest the wheel, so that they can 
be set open, as in tig. 2, or be shut up so as to 
touch one another, and to allow no air to pass 
between them. 
When the boards FF are set, as in fig- 2, 
it will be evident, f'rqpa inspecting the figure, 
that let the wind blow in any direction, it will 
always enter the building on one side, the 
other being in such a position that the wind 
cannot enter, and striking on the floats of the 
wheel will turn it round. The quantity of 
wind which strikes the wheel can be regulated 
by closing or opening the boards, FF, all at 
once, which is done by a contrivance, shewn 
in tig. 3. HH represents a plan of a part of 
the circular sill at the bottom of the frame 
EE, (tigs. , 1 and 2) ; FF are the wind-boards, 
which move on a centre at the edge /; the 
boards have levers, GG, nailed to their lower 
ends, by which they can be turned about on 
the centre; II are rods, joined to the levers 
GG, the other ends of which are jointed to a 
circular ring, of which KK is a segment : this 
ring rests upon rollers fixed in the floor be- 
neath the sails. 
When this ring is turned round one way, 
the rods II push the ends of the levers GG, 
and close up the boards; on the contrary, 
when it is turned the other way, it opens 
them. 
The ring K has at one part of its under 
side a short cast iron segment with cogs, which 
work in a pinion, moving on centres fixed to 
the floor. The axis of this pinion goes through 
the mill and into the open air, and is con- 
nected by ropes with a handle below the 
ground-floor o! the mill. 
When the miller turns this handle, it also 
turns the ring 1< (tig. 3), and, as before de- 
scribed, opens or closes the boards 1 1 , and 
regulates tire mill’s velocity. 
The main shaft, A A, has a large cog-wheel, 
O, fixed upon it, which turn* two trundles on 
the shafts, LM, on which the wheels NN are 
also fixed : each of these wheels turns three 
pinions (only one of which is represented) 
on the axis of the mill-stones, which are ar- 
ranged round the wheels NN, at proper in- 
tervals, like those described under the article 
Flour-mill. The shaft Lhasa beveled wheel 
at its upper end, which turns another, m, on 
the shaft n ; which has riggers, as P, fixed on 
it, and by means of straps turns the bolting- 
mills; for a description of which see Flour- 
mill. 
With regard to the common windmills, we 
must observe that a patent has lately been 
taken out by Mr. Sutton, for a peculiar con- 
struction of the sails. For a full account of 
these, we can with pleasure refer to a work 
entitled “ A Sketch of the Properties and Ad- 
vantages of Sutton’s Patent Gravitated Sails 
for Windmills,” by W. S. Hefleden. 
WIND-SAILS, in a ship, are made of the 
common sail-cloth, and are usually between 
25 and 30 feet long, according to the size of 
the ship, and are of the form ot a cone ending 
obtusely : when they are made use of, they 
are hoisted by ropes to about two-thirds or 
more of their height, with their basis dis- 
tended circularly by hoops, and their apex 
hanging downwards in the hatchways of the 
ship; above each of these, one of the common 
sails is so disposed, that the greatest part of 
the air rushing against it is directed into the 
wind-sail, and conveyed, as through a funnel, 
into the upper parts of the body ot the ship. 
Wind-tackle-blocks, in a ship, are 
the main double blocks, which, being made 
fast to the end of a small cable, serve for 
hoisting goods into the ship, &c. 
To Wind, or Wend, a ship, signifies to 
bring her head about. How winds or wends a 
ship? is a question asked by mariners con- 
cerning a ship under sail ; signifying as much 
as, upon what point of the compass does she 
lie with her head? 
Wind-ward, in the sea language, denotes 
any thing towards that point from which the 
wind blows in respect of a ship : thus wind- 
ward tide is the tide which runs against the 
wind. 
Large Wind. In the sea language, to sail 
with a large wind, is the same as with a fair 
wind. 
WINDAGE of a gun, mortar, or liozvit- 
zer. The difference between the diameter of 
the bore, and the diameter of the shot or shell. 
In England, the diameter of the shot is sup- 
posed to be divided into 20 equal parts, and 
the diameter of the bore into 21 of those parts. 
The French divide the shot into 26, and the 
bore into 27. The Prussians divide the shot 
into 24, and the bore into 25. The Dutch 
909 
nearly the same as the English. The general 
windage of shells in England is a quarter of 
an inch, let them be large or small, which is 
contrary to all reason. It is evident, that the 
less windage a shot or shell has, the farther 
and truer it will go; and having less room to 
bounce from side to side, the gun will not be 
spoiled so soon. 
It is true that some artillery-officers say, 
that the windage of a gun should be equal to 
the thickness of the ladle; because, when it 
has been loaded for a while, the shot will not 
come out without being loosened thereby, in 
order to unload it; and when this cannot lie 
done, it must be fired away, and so lost ; but 
the most advantageous windage would be in 
dividing the shot in 24 equal parts, and the 
bore into 25, on account of the convenient 
scale it affords, not only to construct guns 
by, but also their carriages. Hence, agree- 
able to this plan, the windage of a 9-pounder 
will be .166 of an inch, consequently a suffi- 
cient thickness for a ladfe ; and those ot a 
higher calibre become still thicker in propor- 
tion ; but suppose this thickness is not enough, 
the loss of a shot is a mere trifle, in respect 
to the advantage otherwise gained. 
WINDING stairs. See Stairs. 
WINDLASS, or Windlace, a machine 
used to raise large weights, as guns, stones, 
anchors, &c. See Mechanics. 
Windlass, in a ship, is an instrument, in 
small ships placed upon the deck, just abatt 
the foremast. It is made of a piece ot timber 
six or eight feet square, in form of an axle - 
tree, whose length is placed horizontally upon 
two pieces of wood at the ends, and upon 
which it is turned about by the help of hand- 
spikes put into holes made tor that purpose. 
This instrument serves for weighing anchors, 
or hoisting of any weight in or out of the 
ship, and will purchase much more than any 
capstan, and that without any danger to those 
who heave; for if in heaving the windlass 
about, ,any of the handspikes should happen 
to break, the windlass would pall of itself. 
WINDOW. See Architecture. 
WINE. It is known that no substances, 
except such as contain the saccharine prin- 
ciple, are susceptible of the vinous fermen- 
tation ; and that in order to be susceptible of 
it, these saccharine substances must always 
contain a certain portion of extractive mat- 
ter ; for Lavoisier has proved, that sugar 
alone cannot ferment, he having always been 
obliged to add to it a quantity of yeast in 
order to make it undergo this change. 
The principles of which yeast consists are 
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and azote. r Ihe 
process of fermentation decomposes them, 
and gives rise to new products, namely : 
Water, carbonic acid, alcohol, acetous acid, 
saccharine residuum, and a residuum of the 
yeast. 
The effects of the vinous fermentation 
consist, therefore, in separating the sugar, 
which is an oxide, into two parts ; in oxyge- 
nating the one, at the expence of the other, 
to form carbonic acid ; in disoxygenating the 
other in favour of the first, to form a com- 
bustible substance termed alcohol ; so that 
was it possible to combine these two sub- 
stances, the alcohol and the carbonic acid, 
one might reproduce sugar. It is necessary 
to remark, that the hydrogen and carbon do 
not exist in the state of oil in alcohol, being 
combined with a portion of oxygen, which 
