024 Z O 6 
Hera, viz. loxia, colius, fringilla, phytotoma, 
emberiza, caprimulgus, hirundo, pipra, tur- 
dus, ampelF, tanagra, mucicapa, parus, mo- 
facilla, alauda, sturnus, columba. 
The generic characters of tins class are 
taken from peculiarities in the bill, the nostrils, 
the tongue, the feet, the feathers, the face, 
tiie figure of the body, &c. 
The characters which serve to distinguish 
the species are very various: for example, 
the colour of the particular feathers or parts 
of feathers; crests of feathers on the head, dis- 
posed in different manners; the colour of the 
cere or wax; the colour of the feet; the 
shape and length of the tail; the number, si- 
tuation, &c. of the toes; the colour and figure 
of the bill, & c. 
The third class, Amphibia , is divided into 
two orders. 
Order I. The reptiles have four feet, and 
breathe by the mouth. This order contains 
four genera, viz. testudo, draco, lacerta, 
rana. 
Order II. The serpenles have no legs, and 
breathe by the mouth. This order contains 
six genera, viz. crotalus, boa, coluber, an- 
guis, amphisbiena, acedia. 
The generic characters of this class are 
taken from the general figure of the body ; 
from their having tails or no tails ; being co- 
vered with a shell ; having teeth or no teeth 
in the mouth ; being furnished with lungs ; 
having covered or naked bodies ; from the 
number, situation, and figure of the scuta and 
scales ; from the number and situation of the 
spiracula ; from the situation of the mouth, 
&c. 
The specific characters are so very various, 
thatitwouldbe superfluousto enumerate them. 
The fourth class, Pisces, is subdivided into 
six orders, the characters of which are taken 
from the situation of the belly fins. 
Older I. The apodes have no belly fins. 
Tins order contains eight genera, viz. mu- 
raena, gymnotus, trichiurus, anarchichas, am- 
modytes, ophydium, stromateus, xiphias, 
sternoptyx, leptocephaius. 
Order II. The jugulares have the belly 
fins placed before the pectoral fins. This or- 
der includes five genera, viz. callionymus, 
uranoscopus, trachinus, gadus, blennius, kur- 
tus. 
Order III. The thoracici have the belly 
fins placed under the pectoral tins. This or- 
der comprehends nineteen genera, viz. cepo- 
Ia, echeneis, coryphsna, gobius, cottus, scor- 
phaena, zeus, pleuronectes, chaetodon, spares, 
scares, labrus, sciama, perca, gasterosteus, 
scomber, centrogaster, mullus, trigla. 
Order IV. The abdominales have the belly 
fins placed behind the pectoral fins. This or- 
der contains sixteen genera, viz. cobitis, 
amia, silurus, teuthis, loricaria, salmo, fistu- 
laria, esox, elops, argentina, atherina, mugil, 
exocaetus, polynemus, clupea, cvprinus. 
Order V. The branchiostegi have the gills 
destitute of bony rays. This order contains 
ten genera, viz. mormyrus, ostracion, tetro- 
don, diodon, syngnathus, pegasus, centiiscus, 
balistes, cyclopterus, lophius. 
Order VI. The chondropterygii have car- 
tilaginous gills. This order contains five ge- 
nera, via. accipenser, chimera, squalus, raia, 
plromy zon. 
ZOO 
The generic characters of tliis class are 
taken from peculiarities in the head, the 
mouth, the teeth, the nostrils, the rays in the 
membrane of the gills, the eyes, the general 
figure of the body, the figure of the tail, the 
situation of the spiracula, &c. 
The specific characters are taken from pe- 
culiarities in all the parts above enumerated, 
and many others. 
The fifth class, Inseeta , is subdivided into 
seven orders, the characters of which are 
taken from the wings. See the article In- 
sect. 
Order I. T he coleoptera have four w ings, 
the two superior ones being crustaceous, and 
furnished with a straight suture. This order 
comprehends forty-seven genera, viz. scara- 
baeus, lucanus, dermestes, inelyris, byrrhus, 
silpha, tritoma, hydrophilus, hister, pausus, 
bostrichus, anthrenus, nitidula, coccinella, 
curculio, brentus, attelabus, erodius, staphy- 
linus, scaurus, zygia, meloe, tenebrio, cassi- 
da, opatrum, mordella, chrysomela, horia, 
apalus, manticora, pimelia, gyrinus,. cucujus, 
cryptocephalus, bruchus, ptinus, hispa, bti- 
prestis, necydalis, lampyris, cantharis, notox- 
us, elater, calopus, alurnus, carabus, lytta, 
serropalpus, cerambyx, leptura, rhinomacer, 
zonitis, cicindela, dyticus, forficula. 
Order II. The hemiptera have four wings, 
the two superior ones being semicrustaceous 
and incumbent, i. e. the interior edges lie 
above one another. This order includes 
fourteen genera, viz. blatta, pneumora, man- 
tis, gryllus, fulgora, cicada, notonecta, nepa, 
cimex, macrocephalus, aphis, chermes, coc- 
cus, thrips. 
Order III. The lepidoptera have four 
wings, all of them imbricated with scales. 
This order contains three genera, viz. papilio, 
sphinx, phalama. 
Order IV. The neuroptera have four wings, 
interwoven with veins, like a piece of net- 
work, and no sting in the anus. This order 
includes seven genera, viz. libella, ephemera, 
hemerobius, myrmelion, phryganea, panorpa, 
rophidia. 
Order V. The hymenoptera have the same 
characters with the former, only the anus is 
armed with a sting. But this mark is pecu- 
liar to the females and neuters ; for the males 
have no sting. This order comprehends fif- 
teen genera, viz. cynips, tentredo, sirex, ich- 
neumon, sphex, scolia, thynnus, leucospis, 
tiphia, chalcis, chrysis, vespa, apis, formica, 
m util la. 
Order VI. The diptera have two wings, 
and two clavated halteres or balances behind 
each wing. This order contains twelve gene- 
ra, viz. diopsis, tipula, musca, tabanus, era- 
pis, conops, oestrus, asilus, stomoxys, culex, 
bombylius, hippobosca. 
Order VII. The aptera have no wings. 
This order contains fifteen species, viz. le- 
pisma, podura, termes, pediculus, pulex, 
acarus, hydrachna, aranea, phalangium, Scor- 
pio, cancer, monoculus, oniscus, scolopendra, 
julus. 
The sixth class, Vermes, is divided into 
five orders. 
Order I. The intestina are the most simple 
animals, being perfectly naked, and without 
limbs of any kind. This order contains 
twenty-one genera, viz. ascaris, trichocepha- 
2YG 
lus, uncinaria, tilaria, scolex, ligula, lingnatn*. 
la; strongylus, echinorhynchus, hairuca, cu- 
cullanus, caryophyllams, fasciola, taniia, furia, 
myxine, gordius, iiirudo, lumbricus, sipuncu- 
lus, planaria. 
Order If. The mollusca are likewise sim- 
ple naked animals, without any shell ; hut they 
are brachiated, or furnished with a kind or 
limbs. This order comprehends thirty-one 
genera, viz. actinia, clava, mam maria, pedi- 
cdlaria, ascidia, salpa, dagysa, pterotradiea, 
liiuax, aplysia, doris, tethys, holothuria, tere- 
bella, triton, sepia, clio, lobaria, lennea, soyl- 
la-a, glaucus, ahprodita, amphitrite, spio, ne- 
reis, nais, physsophora, medu a, lucernaria, 
asterias, echinus. 
Order III. Tlie testacea have the same cha- 
racters with those of order II. but are covered 
witli a shell. This order includes 3(3 genera, 
viz. chiton, lepas, pholas, mya, solen, tellina, 
cardium, mactra, donax, venus, spondylus, 
chama, area, ostrea, anomia, mytilus, pinna, 
argonauta, nautilus, conus, cypraxi, bulla, vo- 
luta, buccinum, strombus, murex, trochus, 
turbo, helix, nerita, haliotis, patella, dentalium, 
serpula, teredo, sabella. 
Order IV. The zoophyta, are compound 
animals, furnished with a Kind of flowers, and 
having a vegetating root and stem. This or- 
der contains 15 genera, viz tubipora, madre- 
pora, millepora, cellepora, isis, antipathos,, 
gorgonia, alcyonium, spongia, flustra, tu'oula- 
ria, corralina, sertularia, pennatula, hydra. 
Order V. The infusoria consists of very 
small simple animals. This order contains- 
1 5 genera, viz. brachionus, vorticella, trichoda, 
cercaria, leucopera, gonium, colpoda, para- 
mecium, cyclidium, bursaria, vibrio, enchelis, 
bacillaria, volvox, monas. 
For more particular information concerning 
the several branches and subjects of zoology, 
the reader mayconsult the variousarticlesabove* 
referred to, and he will find most of the genera 
described in their order in the alphabet. 
ZOOPHYTE, in natural history, the 4th- 
order of the class of vermes. See Zoology.. 
ZOSTER A, a genus of plants of the class 
gynandria, order polyandria ; and in the na- 
tural system arranged under the second order,, 
piperita. The spadix is linear, and fertile 
only mi one side ; there is no calyx nor co- 
rolla; the stamina are alternate; the seeds 
solitary and alternate. There is one species. 
ZW INGERA, a genus of the class and or- 
der of plants decandria monogynia. The ca- 
lyx is live-parted; petals five ; capsules five. 
There is one species, the amasa, resembling 
quassia, a shrub of Guiana. 
ZYGEENA. SeeSauALus. 
Z\ GIA, a genus of insects of the order co- 
leoptera. The generic character is, antennae* 
mouiliform: feelers equal, filiform: lip elon- 
gated, membranaceous: jaw one-toothed. 
ZYGOPII YLLU M, bean-caper, a genus 
of plants of the class of decandria and order 
monogynia, andin the natural system arranged 
under the 1 4th order, gruinales. The calyx 
is five-leaved; petals five; nectarium ten- 
leaved, covering the germ; capsules five- 
celled. There are 14 species, partly shrubby 
and partly herbaceous plants, all natives of 
warm climates, though some of them are 
hardy enough to endure the open air in this 
country. 
INDEX 
