60 
Northcutt 
the derived neural features of agamids and 
iguanids. 
The lanthanotoids consist of only two 
genera: Heloderma and Lanthanotus. Both 
are characterized by an enlarged nucleus 
sphericus, reduced rostral ridge, and reduc- 
tion of the superficial tectal zone. While the 
rostral ridge is reduced in these taxa, it is 
clearly divided into a peripheral plate and 
core. Lanthanotus is clearly the less special- 
ized of the two genera. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
This study was supported, in part, by NIH Grant 
No. NS11006 and NSF Grant No. GB-40134. Drs. 
Mark R. Braford, Jr., Ann B. Butler, Carl Gans, 
Arnold Kluge, and Hobart M. Smith read the manu- 
script and provided many helpful suggestions. Drs. 
William E. Duellman, Thomas Fritz, Carl Gans, 
Arnold Kluge, and Hymen Marx were extremely 
helpful in obtaining specimens of many rare lizards, 
thus allowing me to expand the scope of this survey. 
Histochemical preparations were made by Mr. 
Ronald G. Nicholes. Particular thanks is due Drs. 
James E. Heath and Hobart M. Smith whose advice 
and encouragement throughout the course of this 
study have been greatly appreciated. 
REFERENCES 
Armstrong, J.A. 1950. An experimental study of the 
visual pathways in a reptile, Lacerta vivipara. J. 
Anat., 84:146-167. 
Armstrong, J.A., H.J. Gamble, and F. Goldby 1953. 
Observations on the olfactory apparatus and the 
telencephalon of Anolis, a microsmatic lizard. J. 
Anat. (Lond.) 87:288-307. 
Baker-Cohen, K.F. 1969. Comparative enzyme histo- 
chemical observations on submammallian brains. 
III. Hippocampal formation in reptiles. Brain Res. 
16:215-225. 
Bass, A.H., and R.G. Northcutt 1975. Retinal pro- 
jections in the Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle, 
Caretta caretta: An autoradiographic study. Anat. 
Rec. 181:308. 
Bass, A.H., M.B. Pritz, and R.G. Northcutt 1973. 
Effects of telencephalic and tectal ablations on 
visual behavior in the side-necked turtle, Podocne- 
mis unifilis. Brain Res. 55:455-460. 
Belekhova, M.G. and A.A. Kosareva 1971. Organiza- 
tion of the turtle thalamus: visual, somatic and 
tectal zones. Brain Behav. Evol. 4:337-375. 
Bellonci, J. 1888. fiber die centrale Endigung des 
Nervus opticus bei Vertebraten. Z. Wiss. Zool. 47: 
1-46. 
Benowitz, L.I., and H.J. Karten 1975. Organization 
of the tectofugal visual pathway in pigeon. Neuro- 
science Abstracts, 1 :46. 
Boulenger, G.A. 1884. Synopsis of the families of 
existing lacertilia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 14: 
117-122. 
Braford, M.R., Jr. 1972. Ascending efferent tectal 
projections in the South American spectacled cai- 
man. Anat. Rec. 172:275-276. 
Butler, A.B. 1974. Retinal projections in the night 
lizard, Xantusia vigilis Baird. Brain Res. 80:116- 
121 . 
Butler, A.B. 1975. Telencephalic afferents in Gekko 
gecko. Anat. Rec. 181 :323. 
Butler, A.B., and S.O.E. Ebbesson. 1976. A Golgi 
study of the optic tectum of the tegu lizard, Tupi- 
nambis nigropunctatus. J. Morph. 146:215-228. 
Butler, A.B., and F.F. Ebner. 1972. Thalmotelen- 
cephalic projections in the lizard Iguana iguana. 
Anat. Rec. 172:282. 
Butler, A.B., and R.G. Northcutt 1971a. Asecending 
tectal efferent projections in the lizard Iguana 
iguana. Brain Res. 35:597-601. 
Butler, A.B., and R.G. Northcutt 19716. Retinal pro- 
jections in Iguana iguana and Anolia carolinenaia. 
Brain Res. 26:1-13. 
Butler, A.B., and R.G. Northcutt. 1973. Architec- 
tonic studies of the diencephalon of Iguana iguana 
(Linnaeus). J. Comp. Neur. 149:439—462. 
Butler, A.B., and R.G. Northcutt 1977. Retinotha- 
lamic projections in lizards as revealed by antero- 
grade autoradiography Neurosci Abstr. 3:89. 
Camp, C.L. 1923. Classification of the lizards. Bull. 
Amer. Mus. Nat. His. 48:289-481. 
Cohen, D.H., and H.J. Karten 1974. The structural 
organization of avian brain: An overview. In: I.J. 
Goodman and M.W. Schein (eds.) Birda brain and 
behavior, pp. 29-73. Academic Press, New York. 
Cooper, J.R., F.E. Bloom, and R.H. Roth 1974. The 
biochemical baaia of neuropharmacology, 2nd. ed. 
272 pp. Oxford University Press, New York. 
Cope, E.D. 1864. On the characters of the higher 
groups of reptilia squamata — and especially of the 
Diploglossa. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 16: 
224-231. 
Cranford, J.L., M. Igarashi, and J.H. Stramler 1976. 
Effect of auditory neocortex ablation in pitch 
perception in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 39:143-152. 
Crosby, E.C. 1917. The forebrain of Alligator miaaia- 
sippienais. J. Comp. Neur. 27 : 325-403. 
Crosby, E.C., B.R. de Jonge, and R.C. Schneider 1967. 
Evidence for some of the trends in the phylogenetic 
development of the vertebrate telencephalon. In: 
Evolution of the forebrain. R. Hassler and H. 
Stephan (eds.) pp. 117-135. Plenum Press, New 
York. 
Crosby, E.C. and M.J.C. Showers. 1969. Compara- 
tive anatomy of the preoptic and hypothalamic 
areas. In: The hypothalamua. W. Haymaker, E., 
Anderson, and W.J.H. Nauta, (eds.) pp. 61-136. 
Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Mass. 
Cruce, J.A.F. 1974. A cytoarchitectonic study of the 
diencephalon of the tegu lizard, Tupinambia nigro- 
punctatua. J. Comp. Neur. 153:215-238. 
Cruce, W.L.R., and J.A.F. Cruce. 1976. Projections 
from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus 
and mesencephalic tectum in a reptile, Tupinam- 
bia nigropunctatua : A comparison of anterograde 
transport and anterograde degeneration. Brain 
Res., 86:221-228. 
