Psychobiology of Lizard Reproduction 
159 
□ Field Control 0 Courtship /Aggression Group 
4 Aggression /Courtship Group o Aggression Group 
Figure 8. Patterns of environmentally induced ovarian recrudescence exhibited by winter-dormant Anolis 
carolinensis exposed to different male behavior patterns. Sample sizes shown by each point (from Crews, 
1975c). 
Thirdly, if the inhibition were due to some 
other stimulus, such as crowding, rather than 
a direct effect of aggressive behavior be- 
tween males upon female reproductive physi- 
ology, then females exposed to different male 
behavior patterns but housed in adjoining 
cages under otherwise identical experimental 
conditions would not be expected to exhibit 
such strikingly different patterns of ovarian 
activity. Finally, in considering the argu- 
ment that it was perhaps the absence of 
courtship, and not the presence of male- 
male aggression, that inhibited OR, we must 
recall that in the first two experiments, 
females exposed to castrated males that 
showed neither courtship nor male-male 
aggression exhibited gradual ovarian devel- 
opment, while the pattern of ovarian activity 
among females exposed to male-male aggres- 
sion was low and unchanging or decreasing 
(cf.. Figs. 4 and 7). 
From these experiments, then, it would 
appear that in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, 
male-male aggression actively inhibits the 
initiation of environmentally induced ovarian 
development, while male courtship behavior 
