180 
Brattstrom 
understanding of lizards in an ecological and 
evolutionary framework. 
In conclusion, it is worth mentioning a 
few caveats. The psychologist may come up 
with the lizard (as with the rat and the 
monkey) for comparative studies with other 
classes and neglect learning studies in a 
diverse series of lizards. Unless the experi- 
mental neurologist is aware of the import- 
ance of ecologically relevant reinforcers, 
there is a danger that the findings may be 
irrelevant. Unless the ecological behaviorist 
pays attention to factors of learning, he may 
neglect aspects of the lizard's behavior and 
physiology that are perhaps equally as im- 
portant as the genetic determinants of be- 
havior. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
I wish to thank the following students of mine 
for giving me permission to utilize data from their 
studies: Ted Mills, Brian Myres, Hank Harlow, 
Valerie Anderson, Susan Payne, A1 Romspert, John 
Bansberg and Gerald Fonda. 
Chris Johnson, John Pusztai and Jo Anne Carota 
assisted in the thermal gradient studies. The figures 
were drawn by Paula McKenzie. Some of these 
studies were initiated when I was supported by NSF 
grant (GB 2307) and several of the ideas germinated 
when I was on an NSF Senior Postdoctoral Fellow- 
ship (56017) at the Department of Zoology and 
Comparative Physiology, Monash University, Clay- 
ton, Victoria, Australia. Subsequent work was sup- 
ported by grants from the California State Uni- 
versity and from the C.S.U.F. Foundation. 
I wish to thank Velma Vance, Ann Richardson, 
and Ellengene Peterson for their comments on the 
manuscript. 
REFERENCES 
Benes, E.S. 1969. Behavioral evidence for color 
discrimination by the whiptail lizard, Cnemido- 
phorus tigris. Copeia 1969:707-722. 
Bicknell, A.T., and A. Richardson. 1973. Compari- 
son of avoidance learning in two species of lizards, 
Crotaphytus collaris and Dipsosaurus dorsalis. 
Psych. Reports 32:1056-1065. 
Brant, D.H., and J. Lee Kavanau. 1964. “Unre- 
warded” exploration and learning of complex 
mazes by wild and domestic mice. Nature 204: 
267-269. 
Brattstrom, B.H. 1965. Body temperatures of rep- 
tiles. Amer. Midi. Nat. 73:376-422. 
Brattstrom, B.H. 1971. Social and thermoregulatory 
behavior of the bearded dragon Amphibolurus 
harbatus. Copeia 1971:484-497. 
Burghardt, G. Learning processes in reptiles. In 
C. Cans and T.S. Parsons (eds.) Biology of the 
reptilia. Academic Press, New York. (In press) 
Cowles, R.B., and C.M. Bogert. 1944. A preliminary 
study of the thermal requirements of desert rep- 
tiles. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 83:261-296. 
Davidson, R.E., and A. Richardson. 1970. Classical 
conditioning of skeletal and autonomic responses 
in the lizard Crotaphytus collaris. Physiol. & Beh. 
5:589-594. 
DeWitt, C.B. 1967a. Precision of thermoregulation 
and its relation to environmental factors in the 
desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Physiol. Zool. 
40:49-66. 
DeWitt, C.B. 19676. Behavioral thermoregulation in 
the desert iguana. Science 158:809. 
Garzanit, F., and A. Richardson. 1974. Black-white 
discrimination and orienting behavior in the 
desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Animal Learn. 
& Beh. 5:589-594. 
Heath, J.E. 1962. Temperature-independent morning 
emergence in lizards of the genus Phyrnosoma. 
Science 138:891-892. 
Heath, J.E. 1965. Temperature regulation and 
diurnal activity in horned lizards. Univ. Calif. 
Publ. Zool. 64:97-136. 
Julian, E.E., and A. Richardson. 1968. Maze learn- 
ing in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Biol. Psych. 
10:4-9. 
Kirk, K.L., and M.E. Bitterman. 1963. Habit re- 
versal in the turtle. Quart. J. Exp. Psych. 15: 
52-57. 
Kirk, K.L., and M.E. Bitterman. 1965. Probability- 
learning by the turtle. Science 148:1484-1485. 
Krekorian, C.O., V.J. Vance, and A.M. Richardson. 
1968. Temperature-dependent maze learning in 
the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Animal 
Beh. 16:429-436. 
Licht, P., W.R. Dawson, V.H. Shoemaker, and A.R. 
Main. 1966. Observations on the thermal relations 
of West Australian lizards. Copeia 1966:97-110. 
McGinnis, S.M., and L.L. Dickson, 1967. Thermo- 
regulation in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dor- 
salis. Science 156:1757-1759. 
Metzgar, L.M. 1967. An experimental comparison of 
screech owl predation on resident and transient 
white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J. 
Mammal. 48:387-391. 
Northcutt, R.G., and J.E. Heath. 1971. Performance 
of caimans in a T-maze. Copeia 1971:557-560. 
Northcutt, R.G., and J.E. Heath. 1973. T-maze be- 
havior of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). 
Copeia 1973: 617-620. 
Peterson, E., G.W. Norton, and A. Richardson. 1976. 
Spatial reversal learning in Anolis carolinensis 
Abstr. Soc. Stud. Amph. & Rept. 1975:12. 
Regal, P.J. 1966. Thermophilic response following 
feeding in certain reptiles. Copeia 1966:588-590. 
Regal, P.J. 1971. Long term studies with operant 
conditioning techniques of temperature regula- 
tion patterns in reptiles. J. Physiol. 63:403-406. 
Regal, P.J. 1974. Circadian and low frequency 
rhythms in the temperature preference of a 
lizard. In L.E. Scheving, and J.E. Pauly, (eds.), 
Chronobiology. Igaku Shion, Ltd., Tokyo. 
