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use — i.e., four-legged pushups are performed 
by the smaller species of Sceloporus, while 
the larger species use only the front legs. In 
other genera, those species performing four- 
legged pushups are small species (all species 
of Urosaurus). Some agamid forms may per- 
form pushups in such a way as to appear as 
bowing (head raised up and down, Amphi- 
bolurus barbatus, Carpenter, Badham and 
Kimble, 1970) and may do this while walk- 
ing forward (Uromastix aegyptms). The 
collared lizard {Crotaphytus collaris collaris) 
appears to bounce on its front legs while 
displaying. 
The genera of larger iguanids and agamids 
may perform only head nods or bobs {Con- 
olophus, Amblyrhynchus, Cyclura, Physigna- 
thm, Brachylophiis). The same is true for 
some medium sized genera (Oplurus sebae 
from Madagascar), and even smaller forms 
(Phrynosoma, Lynn, 1965). 
In the large genus Anolis, although push- 
ups and head nodding occur, it seems that 
the signaling movement has mainly been 
transferred to the very extensible dewlap 
which is often pulsed at species-specific 
cadences (Fig. 12). Among anoline species, 
dewlaps vary in color and patterns of color 
contrasts (Gorman, 1968; Ruibal, 1967). 
In the genera of sand lizards such as Uma, 
H olbrookia, Callisaurus, Cophosaurus 
(Clarke, 1965), and Leiocephalus (curl-tailed 
Figure 12. During the display of the Cocos Island 
Anole (Anolia townsendi — Iguanidae) the large 
dewlap is expanded and pulsed twice while the 
head nods. 
lizards) the tail may be curled up and 
forward over the body (Fig. 13) to varying 
degrees as a signaling device (Evans, 1953). 
In certain species of the agamid genus 
Amphibolunts (reportedly also in Physigna- 
thus) the legs are very rapidly raised and 
lowered in a circumduction action (Fig. 14) 
during or just preceding display, and this 
action appears to be associated with domin- 
ance {Amphibolurus reticulatus and A. 
muricatus) (Carpenter, Badham and Kimble, 
1970). Such circumduction also appears in 
the context of submissive behavior, but the 
action is much slower (Amphibolurus 
barbatus), may be accompanied by bowing 
(Amphibolurus muricatus) , and is seen more 
commonly in females. Similar movements 
have also been observed in the Egyptian 
agamid Uromastix aegyptius. 
Courtship and Mating Behavior 
Let us now consider courtship and mating 
behaviors primarily of iguanids and agamids. 
Courtship can be defined as those actions, 
performed primarily by the male and, to a 
lesser extent, by the female, that bring the 
two sexes together to permit copulation. 
Generally, in iguanid lizards, the courting 
male approaches a female with its head nod- 
ding rapidly up and down in a shallow 
manner (Carpenter, 1967a). This pattern is 
Figure 13. The displaying male Bimini Curl Tail 
Lizard (Leiocephalus carinatus — Igruanidae) 
raises the tail forward over its back. 
